We all forget where we kept that box of firecrackers, or the bill that needs to be paid. But there is a more serious loss of memory that progressively begins to disrupt one's normal day-to-day functions. Alzheimer's disease is the commonest form of dementia, a disease of old age, and becomes increasingly frequent with every passing decade after 60 years.

Over the age of 80, more than 20% of people have mild dementia. Currently, over 3 million people suffer from dementia in India alone. In about 20 years time, the numbers are expected to double, thanks to a greater life-span and to better identification of patients in large areas of our country.

Poster showing a woman in a white uniform opening a door marked "Opportunity." 34-1146-20 G.L. Co.

This document discusses about the different strategies for ensuring higher levels of online student engagement in medical education in the wake of COVID-19.
This document is the revised version of:
Zayapragassarazan Z. COVID-19: Strategies for Online Engagement of Remote
Learners [version 1; not peer reviewed]. F1000Research 2020, 9:246 (document)
(https://doi.org/10.7490/f1000research.1117835.1)

Cardiovascular Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students is an undergraduate medical-level resource for foundational knowledge of common cardiovascular diseases, disorders and pathologies. This text is designed for a course pre-clinical undergraduate medical curriculum and it is aligned to USMLE(r) (United States Medical Licensing Examination) content guidelines. The text is meant to provide the essential information from these content areas in a concise format that would allow learner preparation to engage in an active classroom. Clinical correlates and additional application of content is intended to be provided in the classroom experience. The text assumes that the students will have an understanding of basic cardiovascular physiology that will be helpful to understand the content presented here. This resource should be assistive to the learner later in medical school and for exam preparation given the material is presented in a succinct manner, with a focus on high-yield concepts.

The 70-page text was created specifically for use by pre-clinical students at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and was based on faculty experience and peer review to guide development and hone important topics.

Available Formats
ISBN 978-1-957213-02-6 (PDF)
ISBN 978-1-957213-03-3 (ePub)
ISBN 978-1-957213-04-0 (print) https://www.amazon.com/Cardiovascular-Pathophysiology-Pre-Clinical-Students-Andrew/dp/1957213043
ISBN 978-1-957213-01-9 (Pressbooks)
https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/cardiovascularpathophysiology
Also available via LibreTexts: https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/34347

How to Adopt this Book
Instructors reviewing, adopting, or adapting parts or the whole of the text are requested to register their interest at: https://bit.ly/interest-preclinical.

Instructors and subject matter experts interested in and sharing their original course materials relevant to pre-clinical education are requested to join the instructor portal at https://www.oercommons.org/groups/pre-clinical-resources/10133.

Features of this Book
1. Detailed learning objectives are provided at the beginning of each chapter;
2. High resolution, color contrasting figures illustrate concepts, relationships, and processes throughout;
3. Subsection summary tables
4. End of chapter lists provide additional sources of information; and
5. Accessibility features including structured heads and alternative-text provide access for readers accessing the work via a screen-reader.

Table of Contents
1. Arrhythmias
2. Heart Failure
3. Hypertension
4. Valvular Disease
5. Heart Sounds and Murmurs
6. Congenital Heart Disease
7. Ischemic Heart Disease

Suggested Citation
Binks, Andrew., (2022). Cardiovascular Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students, Roanoke: Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.21061/cardiovascularpathophysiology. Licensed with CC BY NC-SA 4.0.

About the Author
Dr. Andrew Binks is a cardiopulmonary physiologist who gained his BSc (Hons) in Physiological Sciences at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, then a MSc in Human and Applied Physiology from King’s College, London. He returned to Newcastle to do his PhD and study the underlying physiological mechanisms of dyspnea, the cardinal symptom of cardiopulmonary disease. He continued investigating dyspnea at Harvard School of Public Health as a postdoctoral fellow and then as a research scientist. After seven years at Harvard, Andrew took his first faculty position at the University of New England where he taught cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology to health profession and medical students. He continued to teach medical students their heart and lung physiology after moving to the University of South Carolina’s Medical School in Greenville where he also directed the school’s heart and lung pathophysiology courses. Andrew currently teaches heart and lung physiology and pathophysiology at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, directs the heart and lung pathophysiology course and has also served as the departmental director of faculty development.

In his two decades of teaching medical physiology, Andrew has regularly drawn upon his dyspnea research experience to generate an active, clinically focused approach to medical education. This book is part of that approach and supports students preparing for class with the basic information with the intention to apply and contextualize that information in a guided case-based classroom experience.

Andrew has published numerous peer-reviewed research papers and book chapters about dyspnea and about contemporary medical education. He has also given keynote presentations, faculty workshops and international webinars to promote effective medical education for the modern adult learner.

Accessibility Note
The University Libraries at Virginia Tech and Virginia Tech Publishing are committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The HTML (Pressbooks) and ePub versions of this book utilize header structures and include alternative text which allow for machine-readability.

Please report any errors at https://bit.ly/feedback-preclinical

This e-book is a collection of educational projects completed by the alumni of National Teacher Training Centre (NTTC), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) and was published by the Alumni Association of NTTC, JIPMER in association with the Dept. of Medical education, JIPMER. The main objective of this publication is to provide an opportunity for the alumni of NTTC to share their experience with significant educational practices and interventions that worked for them in promoting knowledge, attitude and skills among their learners.

This is a free e-publication by the Alumni Association of NTTC, JIPMER in association with the Department of Medical Education, JIPMER.

This eBook is a medical education resource intended to supplement the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of medical students and pediatric residents in furthering their own knowledge about the general inpatient management of pediatric diabetes mellitus. This book may be of further use to any physician, advanced practitioners, or nurses who may also encounter pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus in the inpatient hospital setting. This book is specific to protocols and preferences for pediatric diabetes management at the University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital. However, it also contains overarching concepts that transcend location wherever pediatric diabetes may be managed. At the time of publication, this book includes 4 Units, each consisting of 4-7 Chapters. Unit 1 introduces readers to an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its definition, diagnostic criteria, laboratory evaluation, clinical diagnosis, and key differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Unit 2 dives into understanding different types of insulins and their uses. Unit 3 walks readers through the creation of initial insulin regimens for pediatric patients with new-onset diabetes. Lastly, Unit 4 dives into the details of pediatric diabetes management at Stead Family Children’s Hospitals according to the protocols and capabilities of the institution and preferences of the pediatric endocrinology division.

U.S. Army Medical Department recruiting poster showing bust portrait of man wearing hat, and a pin with the caduceus on it. Poster caption continues: Enlist for one or three years and help finish the job ; Medical Department, United States Army ; Opportunities for qualified men to learn: x-ray work, practical pharmacy, veterinary practice, operating room work, dentistry, laboratory work, [and] hospital service.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Many students use outdated and non-evidence based strategies to learn This leads to a lot of wasted effort....."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

The focus of the course is on medical science and practice in the age of automation and the genome, both present and future.
It ncludes an analysis of the computational needs of clinical medicine, a review systems and approaches that have been used to support those needs, and an examination of new technologies.

U.S. Army Medical Department recruiting poster showing scenes of educational opportunities in such areas as: x-ray instruction, clerical work, instruction in pharmacy, and laboratory work. Poster caption continues: Opportunities for qualified men to learn x-ray work, practical pharmacy, veterinary practice, dentistry, laboratory work, nursing, operating room work, [and] cooking [and] mess management. Med. Dept. recruiting poster no. 4. R.S.A.G.O., R.S. no. 210. November 3, 1919.

This online readmission review tool was designed to be used as part of an interprofessional readmission review curriculum that engaged medical residents, pharmacy residents, nurse practitioner students, early career nurses, and social work students in a critical analysis of readmissions. The tool was designed to contain critical components for readmission risk derived from several published evidence-based instruments. Also included is a sample of the instructions given to participants in this curriculum.

This electronic textbook (eBook) accompanies NS801, Precision Nutrition and Advanced Culinary Medicine, a 1-credit, 8-week online medical elective course for the University of Kentucky College of Medicine Office of Medical Education. The eBook provides module-based background information including text, tables, and figures to support each module of the online course:

Introduction
Culinary Challenges Preparation
Emerging Concepts in Precision Nutrition
Cardiovascular Disease & Nutritional Considerations
Neurological and Mental Health Disorders & Nutritional Considerations
Cancer & Nutritional Considerations
Gastrointestinal (GI) Health, Microbiome & Nutritional Considerations
Renal Conditions & Nutritional Considerations

As an open access textbook supported by the University of Kentucky Libraries Alternative Textbook program, all sources are linked and readily available.

SHARC-FM is a fully open-access matrix of educational resources to support student learning in family medicine topics. Built by our cross-Canada team of family medicine education leaders, SHARC-FM contains core topics, objectives, background resources, point-of-care resources, and clinical cases. They may be used by educators or directly by students.

All items in SHARC-FM have been peer-reviewed through our internal processes.

The manuscript describing this project and its foundational research (published in Canadian Family Physician) may be found here:
http://www.cfp.ca/content/63/4/e223

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Strong learner-teacher relationships are associated with better learning outcomes But in medical school, in-person interactions can be hard to come by Researchers at University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences recently sought to enhance learner-teacher relationships by engaging students online They used a closed Facebook group for faculty and students across 3 learning modules spanning 14 weeks A survey found that regular interaction between faculty and students via the Facebook discussion group built rapport and closer relationships Students also felt more comfortable asking questions and seeking help from faculty This safe and positive environment fostered better learning and emotional wellbeing among students Although the analysis is based on a self-reported student survey in one institution, the results are encouraging Free, efficient, and effective, Facebook could act as a natural extension of medical school to a format that is familiar and convenient to the emerging generation of physicia.."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.