Education is one of the main processes of the development and formation of individual’s personality. It is very important to keep the education of young people at high level in order to provide a country with decent population and its future skillful generation. In my opinion, the progress of education as an overall system for everyone is a rational idea. However, it is not able to satisfy the needs of all students. Keeping this in mind, each student should develop his or her own philosophy of education in order to get the maximum benefits from this process. The same matter should be taken into consideration by teachers in order to help each student to become not only part of a class, but also a hard-working person who will be willing to face any challenges and difficulties during educational process.     As for me, I think that my philosophy of education is based on several principles. First of all, it is necessary to understand the purpose of education. Education helps not only to understand some laws, principles, or concepts, but also apply them from the practical point of view. The theoretical knowledge is worth nothing if a student cannot apply it in the real life. Consequently, the educational process should be accompanied with practical lessons as much as possible. In addition, it is also necessary to make students not only learn, but also think about what they learn and how acquired knowledge will help them in the future.It is very essential to understand the essential role of a student in the education. Students being a part of this process usually come to the classrooms and listen to their teachers. However, in order to provide a complete and effective process of education, I believe that they should act not only as passive consumers of presented information, but also actively and independently explore additional material. I mean that they should go beyond the scope of information that they learn in school, college, or university, and look for the additional sources, materials, or other solutions in order to expand their knowledge with new facts and ideas. At present time, when modern students have such advancements as the Internet, it is much easier to perform such behavior.My philosophy of education also includes the role of a teacher as a main unit in educational process. The teacher should be not only a broadcaster who delivers the information to students, but also motivate students to actively participate in all class activities and cooperate with each other. The teacher has to help each individual to reveal the hidden potential and lead him or her from the beginning till the final stage. It is important for the teacher not to choose only several students and actively work with them. The teacher should give the equal possibilities for all students with certain attention on their creative abilities. The role of the teacher should not be limited by his or her work only in classrooms. It is also the responsibility of the teacher to work within the local community and cooperate with parents. He or she has to serve as a role model for students and show them how to respect the elderly and how to interact with them.                   I believe that the philosophy of education presumes an active position of all members in the learning process. All their efforts should be directed with the aim to enrich students with knowledge, teach them think creatively, and provide equal conditions of education for all of them. Education should be filled with many practical lessons. It has to determine not only the future career path of each individual, but also shape and develop his or her unique personality.   So, education is first and foremost a comprehensive development, so I propose to read also my article on one controversial topic "FASHION INDUSTRY SHOULD STOP ABUSE ANIMALS" 

This chapter will cover the house,  and housing,  furniture, the town and thngs in your neighborhood and giving directions there.    In grammar it will cover il ya, voila and possessive adjectives.  This chapter will review "aller" and preposition à la, au, aux and à l'.   It will introduce the future with aller.   Time will be reviewed in months, dates, years and hours.  It will introduce the 24-hour clock.  

 Describing people  Review of nationalities  Adjectives to describe people physically  Describing marital status  Grammar rules:adjectives

"Learning the Open Source Way" is a toolkit aimed at assisting others who want to create or adapt their educational courses using the principles found in FLOSS communities. It is aimed at providing information about learning in an open source manner.The toolkit is created in an open source production way using a 12 week open access session, called summer university. This summer university runs from July 2007 on and will be conducted as a joint event bringing in as a “special guest” the Ubuntu community.

Chapter 5 OER  / 11 EA   on Imperfect, superlatives and comparatives,review travel vocabulary, the verb vouloir + pouvoir and savoir and connaitre,  + ordinal numbers

We use these Google Earth Exercises (GEE) in the undergraduate structural geology course. Students construct a complete geologic map of each 'field area' outside of class; in class, the students display their map and discuss their observations, interpretations, assumptions, and reasoning. This exercise promotes discussion among the students, and also provides students with the opportunity to develop speaking skills, as well as 'on-your feet' reasoning and analysis. Mapping can be done digitally using graphic software such as Adobe IllustratorTM or using hard copy images and overhead transparencies. (Digital mapping requires that the students have knowledge of working with, and access, to a graphics program such as Adobe IllustratorTM). Students also draw stratigraphic columns and cross-sections as needed; and they determine a relative sequence of events for each 'field' area. Cross section lines are included in the .kmz (Google Earth) file (not on the map images). This allows the instructor to move cross-section locations as needed. We have 3-4 students display and discuss maps for each exercise (usually takes about 30-45 min.); we encourage student to question their classmates; with time, our encouragement becomes less necessary. We have students construct geologic maps on transparencies and display the maps via an overhear projector keeping the LCD projector free to run Google Earth. Students can use Google Earth (flying to specific locations, or zooming in and out, or viewing specific locations from different perspectives) during their presentation to illustrate or support their interpretation, and logic path that lead to that interpretation to the class. This provides the opportunity for students to see how different people interpret the same area; they also learn that although each maps is different, each map tells a similar story; that is first-order relationships emerge from the family of maps constructed by their fellow classmates. After each discussion, all of the students display their maps on a side table in the classroom, providing the students with the opportunity to compare all of the maps of the same area. As a result they clearly see that all maps are different, yet each can be valid, and they also see how others handled both geologic relations, and, at a more basic level, clarity and neatness in presentation. As the semester progresses we see a sharp increase in the quality of the maps, both geologically and in terms of clarity and neatness, likely a direct result of students both viewing their classmates maps, and having their maps viewed by classmates. Peer pressure can be a wonderful learning tool.

Each exercise focuses on a different area. An individual exercise or any combination of exercises maybe used at the instructor's discretion to compliment topics in either lecture or lab. The exercises, as presented, are ordered in such a way that they take the student progressively from relatively straightforward map areas to increasing complicated map areas. We begin the geologic mapping sequence using a Venus mapping exercise available on the SERC site http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/structure04/activities/3875.html in order to get the students to feel comfortable identifying and delineating patterns; we develop concepts about material units versus structural elements (and in some cases primary verses secondary structures; please see the Venus exercise for the range of students goals, which we do not repeat here). The first Google Earth Exercise, (GEE1) follows the SERC exercise 'Visualizing Inclined Contacts' by Barbara Tewksbury http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/structure/visualizing_inclined.html . Our GEE1 exercise is included below with all credit to Barbara Tewksbury. Subsequent exercises (GEE2, GEE3, etc.) include: faults and topographic interactions; folds and topographic interactions; faults and crosscutting dikes; refolded folds. These exercises may be used in any order and/or positioning within a course. We find that both the repetition of GEE exercises, and the progression of increasing complexity of the exercises, allow the students the opportunity to develop their individual skill sets. Although mapping can be completed by the students during, or outside of class time, we find that having the students do this outside class allows each student the opportunity to move at their own pace, which seems important for our students and their learning. Discussion during class time is a critical part of the learning process.

These exercises can be easily replicated for your favorite field area or an area your think exemplifies an instructive structural style. We encourage other educators to apply this idea to other areas and submit the new Google Earth Exercises to SERC as well.

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My goal is to merge New York State standards with Common Core Standards and Integrated Algebra Regent Standards for our 8th grade curriculum.

Each student has been given a packet of information on an energy topic. There are two articles that all the students will receive, on energy conservation and addiction to oil, and then several others on their specific topic. Each student will be instructed to become the classroom expert on their specific topic by reading the articles and being invited to look up more information.

These steps are modified from Step by Step Instructions for Gallery Walk

I learned this technique at a Cutting Edge workshop put on by the National Association of Geoscience Teachers called Designing Innovative and Effective Geoscience Courses in the summer of 2008.

The steps to this lesson are:

I have generated a list of questions around energy.
The questions will be written on poster-sized paper, one question to each sheet.
The questions will be posted in a foyer area.
The students have been given general directions in the previous class, and more specific directions will be given the day of the event.
The students have been prepared by reading packets of energy information, as described above in this document. They have also been advised on how the grading rubric and feedback will be used.
The students will be put into groups of two, because the class is so small. Each group will have a different colored marker. If the groups were larger, roles would be assigned, like recorder, speaker, emissary, etc... That won't work with this small class.
We will begin the gallery walk. Each team will start at a different chart, read the question, talk to each other, then document their response in their colored ink. They will be encouraged to write in a pithy bulleted format closest to the top of the chart.
The teams will rotate to a new station after a period of time (to be determined!) They will rotate clockwise. Arriving at a new station, the students will read the question, the responses of the other groups who posted before them, and add their comments, sort of like a BLOG. The groups can switch recorders at each station to keep all members involved.
I will monitor the students' progress. I may have to intervene to clarify a point or direct the students to think of something they may have overlooked. I will wander between groups, listening in, and asking "Socratic" guiding questions if needed.
Once all groups have responded to all the posters, they can return to posters to read the other postings, and even add to their own comments.
After the rotations and comment period, students will "report out", which each group synthesizes the comments for each question into a summary. The groups will then take turns making oral reports on the questions at hand. I may decide to have them do a written report instead, so that they create a document to refer to later in the course.
I will be gauging student understanding throughout the report stage, to reinforce correctly expressed concepts and correct for errors or misconceptions.

The questions my students had to answer were:

What sources of energy (conventional and alternative-yet-to-be-brought-to-market) are appropriate powering motor vehicles? In detail, what are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
What sources of energy (conventional and alternative) are appropriate for powering homes? (Heat, hot water, cooking, cooling, light, etc) In detail, what are the advantages and disadvantages?
What are the most polluting energy sources, and what type of pollution do they produce? What are the least polluting energy sources, and why aren't we using them more?
What are fifteen ways the average person can conserve energy?
Do we need to conserve energy? Do developing nations need to? Why or why not?
Should energy conservation be a legal mandate from the U.S. government for our citizens? Should the U.N. require international consensus on energy conservation? Would that be fair to developing nations?
What are the reasons we can no longer depend on fossil fuels (both domestic and imported) to power the United States of America? What are the great issues at stake?
Who will pay the price for energy decisions made (or not made) in the next few years? What do you anticipate that price might be?

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A somewhat puzzling commentary on two issues: slavery and economic protectionism. The date of the print is uncertain, but it may have appeared as part of the reaction against the Walker Tariff of 1846. A Northern bias is expressed on both issues. The text is abolitionist on the one hand and laments the absence of federal protection for American industry on the other. The author of the piece (which is less a cartoon than an arrangement of didactic tableaux) presents through his characters a number of reasoned arguments on the respective economics of slave and free industry and suggests a parallel between the hardships posed by the lack of protection for American manufacturers and the plight of the slaves. The irony of the piece rests on the fact that only the Southern slaveholder, whose interests were best served by the 1846 tariff, enjoys the shade of the symbolic Liberty Tree, which looms up in the foreground. Slave owner, fanned by a Negro slave: "Surrounded by Slaves & basking at ease by their labor we can have a clearer conception of the value of Liberty." Man borne in a litter by slaves: "Rather than submit to be a slave I would make our State a cemetery of Freemen." Slaves working under the whip of an overseer at right: "I had as lief work as not. If I had my own time to do it in." and "Who likes to be bound down to a Massa." Another: "Give me my own Country before Slavery." Further right a group of slaves converse: "Poor Sampson is dead!" "Is there nothing we can do?" "How many poor fellows heads have been stuck upon poles!" "The American People will come to a sense of Justice." "If they won't liberate "us," let our Children be free." "Our rejoicing on Bobalition days shew we are not the savages the white people take us to be." "And should our children be free when they are born they might learn the habits of industry & for hire do more work than any of our brethren are now willing to do." "We must be away Massa will see us." In the right background is a steam sawmill whose proprietor frets over his slaves, who run off saying, "Let's have a play spell" and "I'll be off." The owner laments, "What shall I do with my Slaves, they cost me more than their income, and they are more plague than profit, & if I could devise any means to get rid of them, what a triumph it would be--how can it be done without being a serious evil." The left half of the composition represents the North. Near the Liberty Tree two farmers converse: "I would not have a Slave to till my soil, to carry me, to fan me, to tremble when I wake for all the wealth that sinews bought & sold have earnt." "No! dear as freedom is, & in my heart's just estimation prized above all price I'd rather be myself the slave & wear the bonds than fasten them on him." Nearby a group of gentlemen speak: "O America! vast--wide--extended; a population increasing almost past calculation, embracing within thy limits some of almost every nation a refuge for the weary & distressed a home for the free; But O Slavery!! where will be thy bounds?" "Slaves cannot breathe in England, if their lungs receive 'its air' that moment they are free-- they touch 'that Country & their Shackles fall." In the background is a textile mill. Outside are several groups of mill girls. Their conversations concern the tariff and its effects: "What a noise the Southerners have been making about the Tariff." "I hope it is all over now." Second group: "I think if they will protect us Girls from the operation of foreign legislation as well as seamen against Pirates, we can make cloth as cheap as any body." "I dont believe English Girls can do more than we can." "The machinery went well to day." "I wove seventy yards." "I have got so as to tend three Looms." A third group: "I wonder what effect the taking the duty off Linen will have?" "Well in proportion as linen is used there will be less Cotton." "I Guess it will set the poor Irishmen to raising Flax." In the center, beyond the tree, a man on horseback leads a black woman carrying a bundle toward the right or Southern side of the print.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1846-13.

This chapter will focus on clothing and adjectives to describe clothing (such as colors, materials). as well as adjectives to describe people's personalities and physical appearance.  It will introduce the verb faire, and its expressions as well as ask about professions using faire.  Interrogatory words will also be reviewed and introduced such as qui, que, combien, comment, où, quand and pourquoi.

This is an elementary Spanish class designed for beginners. The course will use Gente and other supplementary materials found in oer and Canvas course.

Welcome video  This chapter will introduce greetings and introductions.  It will also introduce basic vocabulary such as numbers, the alphabet, time and weather and classroom vocabulary and commands.

This resource was designed for a beginning Spanish student, but its content can be useful (and adapted to) more advanced students.This online textbook is comprised entirely of free, open-educational resources which are available to anyone. These include SpanishDict.com, StudySpanish.com, The Spanish Experiment, YouTube and much more.The content is practical, authentic and engaging, but more importantly, it allows students to acquire much more than basic Spanish skills. The emphasis will be on oral communication and cultural understanding, but grammar and vocabulary building activities are also included in order to provide the student with a well-rounded experience equivalent to one semester of a college-level introductory Spanish course.

Four full-year digital course, built from the ground up and fully-aligned to the Common Core State Standards, for 7th grade Mathematics. Created using research-based approaches to teaching and learning, the Open Access Common Core Course for Mathematics is designed with student-centered learning in mind, including activities for students to develop valuable 21st century skills and academic mindset.

This resource was designed for a beginning-intermediate Spanish student, but its content can be useful (and adapted to) more advanced students. The equivalent of this resource would be a second-semester Spanish course. This online textbook resource is comprised entirely of free, open-educational resources which are available to anyone. These include SpanishDict.com, StudySpanish.com, The Spanish Experiment, YouTube and many more.The content is practical, authentic and engaging, but more importantly, it allows students to acquire much more than basic Spanish skills. The emphasis will be on oral communication and cultural understanding, but grammar and vocabulary building activities are also included in order to provide the student with a well-rounded experience equivalent to one semester of a college-level introductory Spanish course.

Overview:This unit is presented as a series of cooperation, team buidling, and problem solving learning tasks. Learning tasks should begin as partner to partner, and progress to small group, large group, and finally, whole class. Standards 4 and Standards 5 are addessed in this unit. Teachers are encouraged to select the learning tasks that best fit their teaching style and students’ needs. Learning Tasks can be implemented across grade levels using different extensions and refinements.  Modifications and accomodations specific to your learners are strongly recommended. The National Standards and Grade Level Outcomes in this unit are referenced from the "National Standards & Grade Level outcomes for K-12 Physical Education," book. SHAPE America Standards: Standard 4. The physically literate individual exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that respects self and others.Standard 5. The physically literate individual recognizes the value of physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge, self-expression and/or social interaction.SHAPE Grade-Level Outcomes:KindergartenFollows directions in group settings (e.g., safe behaviors, following rules, taking turns). (S4.E1.K)Acknowledges responsibility for behavior when prompted. (S4.E2.K)Follows instruction and directions when prompted. (S4.E3.K)Shares equipment and space with others. (S4.E4.K)Follows teacher directions for safe participation and proper use of equipment with minimal reminders. (S4.E6.K)Acknowledges that some physical activities are challenging/difficult. (S2.E2.K)First GradeAccepts personal responsibility by using equipment and space appropriately. (S4.E1.1)Follows the rules and parameters of the learning environment. (S4.E2.1)Responds appropriately to general feedback from the teacher. (S4.E3.1)Works independently with others in a variety of class environments (e.g., small and large groups). (S4.E4.1)Exhibits the established protocols for class activities. (S4.E5.1)Follows teacher directions for safe participation and proper use of equipment without teacher reminders. (S4.E6.1)Recognizes that challenge in physical activity can lead to success (S5. E2.1)Describes positive feelings that result from participating in physical activities (S5. E3. 1a)Second GradeWorks independently with others in partner environments. (S4.E4.2)Recognizes the role of rules and etiquette in teacher-designed physical activities. (S4.E5.2)Works independently and safely in physical education. (S4.E6.2a)Works safely with physical education equipment. (S4.E6.2b)Compares physical activities that bring confidence and challenge. (S5.E2.1)Third GradeExhibits personal responsibility in teacher-directed activities. (S4.E1.3)Works independently for extended periods of time. (S4.E2.3)Accepts and implements specific corrective feedback from the teacher. (S4.E3.3)Works cooperatively with others. (S4.E4.3a)Praises others for their success in movement performance. (S4.E4.3b)Recognizes the role of rules and etiquette in physical activity with peers. (S4.E5.3)Works independently and safely in physical activity settings. (S4.E6.3)Reflects on the reasons for enjoying selected physical activities (S5. E3. 3)Describes the positive social interactions that come when engaged with others in physical activity. (S5.E4.3)Fourth GradeExhibits responsible behavior in independent group situations. (S4.E1.4)Reflects on personal social behavior in physical activity. (S4.E2.4)Listens respectfully to corrective feedback from others (e.g., peers, adults). (S4.E3.4)Praises the movement performance of others both more skilled and less skilled. (S4.E4.4a)Exhibits etiquette and adherence to rules in a variety of physical activities. (S4.E5.4)Works safely with peers and equipment in physical activity settings. (S4.E6.4)Rates the enjoyment of participating in challenging and mastered physical activities (S5. E2. 4)Describes and compares the positive social interactions when engaged in partner, small-group and large-group physical activities. (S5.E4.4)Fifth GradeEngages in physical activity with responsible interpersonal behavior (e.g., peer to peer, student to teacher, student to referee). (S4.E1.5)Participates with responsible personal behavior in a variety of physical activity contexts, environments and facilities. (S4.E2.5a)Exhibits respect for self with appropriate behavior while engaging in physical activity. (S4.E2.5b)Gives corrective feedback respectfully to peers. (S4.E3.5)Accepts,recognizes and actively involves others with both higher and lower skill abilities into physical activities and group projects. (S4.E4.5)Applies safety principles with age appropriate physical activities. (S4.E6.5)SHAPE America - Society of Health and Physical Educators. National Standards & Grade-Level Outcomes for K-12 Physical Education. Human Kinetics Publishers, 2014, www.shapeamerica.org/standards/pe/upload/Grade-Level-Outcomes-for-K-12-Physical-Education.pdf.Image source:  "Colorful Cooperation" by OpenClipart-Vectors / 27439 images from Pixabay.com at https://pixabay.com/en/circle-colorful-cooperation-1300241/ 

 Driving my English correctly to drive my carSummary:This is a lesson intended for learners having low conversational English skills as well as low reading and writing skills. In this lesson, the learners will review known vocabulary as well as learn new one using it with a correct grammatical structure. They will practice reading and writing. The learners will learn how to read, write and speak in order to communicate with others using correctly la grammar functions; All this will be taught in a real world-problem context.Educational useCurriculum /instruction College & Career Readiness Standards (CCRS) Alignment • Level: Adult Education • Grade Level: B • Subject: English/Language Arts • Strand: Reading and Writing LanguageEnglish Learning goals:The purpose of this lesson is for learners to be able to:·         Learn the correct use of present tense in verbal communication·         Read and write correctly personal information·         Understand basic driving instructional information. Keywords  Designers for learningAdult educationDriving licensePresent tenseDriving directionsEnglish lesson to drive a car  Time required for the lesson45  to 60 minutes Prior knowledgeBasic English vocabulary to introduce oneselfAbility to understand mains ideas in short conversationAbility to read and write basic English vocabulary to introduce oneself Required resourcesWorksheetsIllustrationsDriving guide Lesson author & LicenseLesson author: Zulema RamirezLicense: Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license Context summary Learning a new language is certainly a challenge, mostly if we cannot attend to school regularly, As a consequence, being forced to communicate, we learn words and phrases informally, not knowing how to put them together effectively to express our ideas into this new language. In this lesson, we are going to walk the learners through the correct lexical and grammatical use of her/his prior knowledge in  the present tense and at the same time we are going to integrate new content related to a short - term goal: Obtaining a driver license. Targeted skills Presence tenseDriving vocabularyAsking and giving directions formal phrasesDescribe family members. Learning objectivesBy the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:1 Give personal information using grammatically correct professional English.2. Read and write driving directions.3. Ask directions using formal English phrases4. Follow directions given by the driving instructor  Relevant for learning Adult learners planning to complete a professional instruction need to master the required English skills level. This lesson will be focused on the use of the  present tense, having as subject daily activities and driving instructions. This lesson will allow the learner to refresh previous lexical knowledge and to learn the correct grammatical use of present tense. The learner will also practice writing and reading. This practice gives the learner the opportunity to improve his/her English skills. Warm up The teacher will provide the learners an application form to fill out. When filling in the form the learners will be induced to bring out tacit knowledge, like reading personal information questions, writing her/his address. The form could also include  personal development questions in order to prompt  the learners to give the teacher more information  about their daily activities as well as her English level. Once this activity is done, the teacher will use the form’s questions to prompt the learners to introduce herself/himself. IntroductionThe teacher explains the course of the instruction for this lesson Presentation/modeling/demonstration The teacher will introduce herself / himself using new vocabulary in order to complete grammatically correct longer sentences Using a map of the city, the teacher will show the learn a location to explain her way to school.  Here the teacher could use driving directions giving detail on how to get to school form the location she/ he chooses. .The teacher could explain succinctly why having a driver license is important her. The teacher could present all these information in a worksheet form. It could be used to underline verbs in present tense so the learners could have it as a reference for their own presentation. Application After finishing the demonstration phase, the teacher will ask question utilizing the application form filled out previously and the teacher’s demonstration in order to let the learners practice. In this way the learner will be exercising reading while combining known and new vocabulary to use it in present tense properly.Integration  In this phase the learner is going to reproduce a real world situation like giving/ asking personal information, asking address,  identifying driving directions, writing down driving directions. During the activities the learners will integrate all aspects studied in this lesson using formal English.                     

We wrote this book as the basis for a first course in corporate law. We provide extensive introductions and explanations to situate the cases and other materials.We strongly encourage you to read the cases from two related but quite different perspectives. The first is the usual, legal perspective. Almost all the cases in this book are seminal cases familiar to all corporate law practitioners. They “lay down the law.” You can read them for what the law is, for what it could have been, and for how judges chose between the various paths open to them.The second perspective is less obvious but ultimately even more important. The facts of the cases demonstrate how corporate actors use the building blocks of the corporate form to achieve various goals—they illustrate corporate law’s transactional nature. There are infinite permutations of the various building blocks, so we can’t show all. But we have endeavored to include a good selection of standard transactional scenarios—buy-and sell-side M&A, share reclassifications (Zuckerberg), executive compensation (Disney), dividends (Sinclair), jostling for control of the board (Blasius and others), control conflicts in private corporations (Coster; eBay), etc.—and  moves (voting, written consent, unilateral board action, enlarging the board, issuing new stock, merger, asset sale, etc.). Most court opinions evaluate these maneuvers or some small part of them under equitable principles. But you should also pay attention to the maneuvers themselves. They are what most corporate lawyers do in practice and most maneuvers do not end up in court. This is a fundamental difference from other areas of law where lawyers mostly get involved at the back end, so to speak.A separate reason to pay great attention to the facts is that much of corporate law consists of broad standards that take on real meaning only in their application. Understanding the law often requires reading the full facts. The judges clearly considered these factual details important, even on appeal, and so should you!With one exception, all cases in these materials are Delaware or federal cases. Delaware law is the dominant corporate law of the United States. In the U.S., each state has its own corporate law, and the applicable law is the law of the state of incorporation. Corporations are free to incorporate where they want, in return for paying incorporation tax (“franchise tax”) in that jurisdiction. Delaware has attracted more than half of all public corporations and many private corporations in the U.S. (Delaware derives a third of its state revenue from the franchise tax!) Furthermore, Delaware is also the model followed by many other states. As a result, we see no point in teaching you other states’ law. We occasionally use other countries’ laws to expose you to alternative arrangements; the variance between countries is much larger than between U.S. states.For similar reasons, we teach only corporations proper. We do not cover partnerships, limited liability companies (LLCs), or the many other entity forms now available. These other forms are undoubtedly important in practice. But an introductory course cannot teach the nuanced differences between these forms, many of which lie in tax law. We only give you a brief warning about accidental partnerships in the first class. However, there are substantial commonalities between the various entity forms. If you understand corporate law and the underlying business problems, you will easily learn the other forms when the need arises.GlossaryBylaws = a corporation’s secondary governing document (cf. DGCL 109(b)). The charter can provide, and usually does provide, that the board can amend the bylaws without shareholder consent (DGCL 109(a); contrast the charter itself, which can only be amended by board and shareholders jointly, DGCL 242(b)).Certificate of Incorporation = a corporation’s founding and primary governing document (cf. DGCL 102).Charter = certificate of incorporation.Common stock / share: see share.Debt holders = creditors.DGCL = Delaware General Corporation Law, i.e., the basic Delaware statute. As a guide to this important statute, you might want to consult simplifiedcodes.com.Dividends = an official distribution of cash or other assets to all shareholders of one class. Even though dividends are generally the only way shareholders as a group get a return on their investment (individual shareholders can also sell their shares, but that only puts the buyer of the shares into the seller's shoes), dividends are in the board's discretion (DGCL 170(a)).Equity; equity capital = the excess of assets over liabilities, if any (or equivalently, non-debt financing).Equity holders = shareholders. The term derives from the fact that roughly speaking, equity is available for distribution to shareholders.Limited liability = no liability (of shareholders). The expression “limited” comes from the observation that shareholders stand to lose whatever they put into the corporation, as this is available to satisfy the corporations' creditors' claims. However, shareholders have no liability beyond that, absent pathological circumstances.Merger = the fusion of two corporations into one (cf. DGCL 251).Preferred stock / share = stock with special rights (“preferences”), generally with respect to dividends. A standard term is that preferred shares are entitled to a certain dividend per year, payable if and when a dividend will be paid to common stockholders. In return, preferred shares often do not carry voting rights.Public corporation = a corporation whose stock is publicly traded, usually on a regulated stock exchange such as the New York Stock Exchange.Share = an interest in the corporation with rights that are defined by the corporation’s charter. Unlike debt, shares do not provide a right to fixed payouts. Rather, the board decides if and when shareholders will receive so-called dividends. The default rule is that each share provides one vote (cf. DGCL 212) and equal dividend rights; such shares are called “common shares” or “common stock.”Stock = a synonym or collective term for shares (as in “twenty shares of the corporation’s stock”).

Momentum is not only a physical principle; it is a psychological phenomenon. Students learn how the "Big Mo" of the bandwagon effect contributes to the development of fads and manias, and how modern technology and mass media accelerate and intensify the effect. Students develop media literacy and critical thinking skills to analyze trends and determine the extent to which their decisions may be influenced by those who manipulate a few opinion leaders. Note: The literacy activities for the Mechanics unit are based on physical themes that have broad application to our experience in the world concepts of rhythm, balance, spin, gravity, levity, inertia, momentum, friction, stress and tension.