Revised Edition

Short Description:
This writer’s reference condenses and covers everything a beginning writing student needs to successfully compose college-level work, including the basics of composition, grammar, and research. It is broken down into easy-to-tackle sections, while not overloading students with more information than they need. Great for any beginning writing students or as reference for advanced students! Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/shop/robin-jeffrey/about-writing/paperback/product-23853977.html

Long Description:
This writer’s reference condenses and covers everything a beginning writing student should need to successfully compose college-level work. The book covers the basics of composition and revising, including how to build a strong thesis, how to peer review a fellow student’s work, and a handy checklist for revision, before moving on to a broad overview of academic writing. Included for those students who need writing help at the most basic level are comprehensive sections on sentence style and grammar, verbs, nouns and other tenets of basic grammar. Finally, the sections on research and citation should help any student find solid evidence for their school work and cite it correctly, as well as encouraging an understanding of why citation is so important in the first place. This is a guide that is useful to writing students of all levels, either as a direct teaching tool or a simple reference.

This revised edition incorporates new sections on revision, citation, and rhetorical concepts. More example text has been provided and the contents have been reorganized to optimize flow and student comprehension. The first edition remains available at About Writing.

Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/shop/robin-jeffrey/about-writing/paperback/product-23853977.html

Word Count: 11905

ISBN: 978-1-63635-000-4

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Short Description:
This is an entry level blueprint reading book written for the first year welding student. The book will be used in the first term of a two year welding program to familiarize the student to sketching and reading blueprints.

Word Count: 7979

ISBN: 978-1-63635-031-8

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Second Edition: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/beginningexcel19/

Short Description:
This is the first edition of a textbook written for a community college introductory course in spreadsheets utilizing Microsoft Excel; second edition available: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/beginningexcel19/. While the figures shown utilize Excel 2016, the textbook was written to be applicable to other versions of Excel as well. The book introduces new users to the basics of spreadsheets and is appropriate for students in any major who have not used Excel before. Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/shop/noreen-brown-and-barbara-lave-and-julie-romey-and-mary-schatz/beginning-excel/paperback/product-23853995.html

Long Description:
Second edition available: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/beginningexcel19/

This Beginning Excel textbook is intended for use in a one-term introductory spreadsheet course for all majors taught at two-year colleges. The basics of Excel, as they apply to the professional workplace, are introduced, including spreadsheet design, data entry, formulas, functions, charts, tables, and multi-sheet use.

Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/shop/noreen-brown-and-barbara-lave-and-julie-romey-and-mary-schatz/beginning-excel/paperback/product-23853995.html

Word Count: 62914

ISBN: 978-1-63635-034-9

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Short Description:
This textbook was written for a community college introductory course in spreadsheets utilizing Microsoft Excel. While the figures shown utilize Excel 2019, the textbook was written to be applicable to other versions of Excel as well. The book introduces new users to the basics of spreadsheets and is appropriate for students in any major who have not used Excel before. This textbook includes instructions for Excel for Mac also.

Long Description:
This Beginning Excel textbook is intended for use in a one-term introductory spreadsheet course for all majors taught at two-year colleges. The basics of Excel, as they apply to the professional workplace, are introduced, including spreadsheet design, data entry, formulas, functions, charts, tables, and multi-sheet use. This textbook includes instructions for Excel for Mac also.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Word Count: 67588

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Oregon Edition

Short Description:
Blueprint for Success in College and Career, Oregon Edition is a students' guide for classroom and career success. This text, designed to show how to be successful in college and in career preparation, focuses on study skills, time management, career exploration, health, and financial literacy. Order a print copy: https://www.lulu.com/en/us/shop/norma-c%C3%A1rdenas-and-linnea-spitzer-and-dave-dillon/blueprint-for-success-in-college-and-career/paperback/product-m9m7vg.html?page=1&pageSize=4

Long Description:
Blueprint for Success in College and Career is a remix of four previously existing OER (Open Educational Resources): A Different Road To College: A Guide For Transitioning To College For Non-traditional Students by Alise Lamoreaux, How to Learn Like a Pro! by Phyllis Nissila, Foundations of Academic Success: Words of Wisdom, edited by Thomas Priester, College Success, provided by Lumen Learning, and one previously copyrighted textbook with content that is now openly licensed: Blueprint for Success in College: Indispensable Study Skills and Time Management Strategies by Dave Dillon. This book is a revised edition of Dave Dillon’s award-winning, openly licensed textbook, Blueprint for Success in College and Career, a students’ guide for classroom and career success. This text, designed to show how to be successful in college and in career preparation focuses on study skills, time management, career exploration, health, and financial literacy.

Order a print copy: https://www.lulu.com/en/us/shop/norma-c%C3%A1rdenas-and-linnea-spitzer-and-dave-dillon/blueprint-for-success-in-college-and-career/paperback/product-m9m7vg.html?page=1&pageSize=4

Word Count: 114266

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Short Description:
Body Physics sticks to the basic functioning of the human body, from motion to metabolism, as a common theme through which fundamental physics topics are introduced. Related practice, reinforcement and Lab activities are included. See the front matter for more details. Additional supplementary material, activities, and information can be found at: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/bpsupmat/. Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/body-physics-motion-to-metabolism/26081318

Long Description:
Body Physics sticks to the basic functioning of the human body, from motion to metabolism, as a common theme through which fundamental physics topics are introduced. Related practice, reinforcement and Lab activities are included. See the front matter for more details. Additional supplementary material, activities, and information can be found at: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/bpsupmat/. Specific topics covered in Body Physics are: scientific process, units, uncertainty, mass, density, weight, buoyant force, equilibrium, center of gravity, normal force, friction, torque, levers, mechanical advantage, tension, motion, impulse, momentum, the laws of motion, strength and elasticity of materials, work, kinetic and potential energy, power, thermal energy the first law of thermodynamics, efficiency, heat, entropy, and 2nd law of thermodynamics.

Word Count: 98402

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Short Description:
Body Physics sticks to the basic functioning of the human body, from motion to metabolism, as a common theme through which fundamental physics topics are introduced. Related practice, reinforcement and Lab activities are included. See the front matter for more details. Additional supplementary material, activities, and information can be found at: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/bpsupmat/. Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/body-physics-motion-to-metabolism/26081318

Long Description:
Body Physics sticks to the basic functioning of the human body, from motion to metabolism, as a common theme through which fundamental physics topics are introduced. Related practice, reinforcement and Lab activities are included. See the front matter for more details. Additional supplementary material, activities, and information can be found at: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/bpsupmat/. Specific topics covered in Body Physics are: scientific process, units, uncertainty, mass, density, weight, buoyant force, equilibrium, center of gravity, normal force, friction, torque, levers, mechanical advantage, tension, motion, impulse, momentum, the laws of motion, strength and elasticity of materials, work, kinetic and potential energy, power, thermal energy the first law of thermodynamics, efficiency, heat, entropy, and 2nd law of thermodynamics.

Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/body-physics-motion-to-metabolism/26081318

Word Count: 112607

ISBN: 978-1-63635-046-2

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

A Functional Approach to Teaching (and Assessing!) Grammar and Punctuation

Short Description:
This is a collection of cumulative units of study for conventional errors common in student writing. It's flexible, functional, and zeroes in problems typically seen in writing of all types, from the eternal "there/they're/their" struggle to correct colon use. Units are organized from most simple to most challenging.

Long Description:
This is a collection of cumulative units of study for conventional errors common in student writing. It’s flexible, functional, and zeroes in problems typically seen in writing of all types, from the eternal “there/they’re/their” struggle to correct colon use. Units are organized from most simple to most challenging.

Word Count: 2751

ISBN: 978-1-63635-026-4

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Short Description:
In a series of keynote events from spring 2022 to spring 2023, five globally-recognized educators, curriculum designers, and public scholars presented on designing for justice for Oregon's open education community. To support ongoing engagement with each event, Open Education Instructional Designer Veronica Vold developed this companion guide for individual and group study.

Long Description:
In a series of keynote events from spring 2022 to spring 2023, five globally-recognized educators, curriculum designers, and public scholars presented their vision and practice for designing for justice in open education. Speakers included Dr. Maha Bali, Andratesha Fritzgerald, Jess Mitchell, Dr. Mays Imad, and Dr. Sasha Costanza-Chock. The series built momentum for equity-minded design in open education in Oregon and offered interactive and accessible professional development for OER champions at Oregon’s public colleges and universities. To support ongoing engagement with each event, Open Education Instructional Designer Veronica Vold developed this companion guide for individual and group study.

Each speaker takes up distinct themes in designing for justice: In “Towards Openness that Promotes Social Justice,” Dr. Maha Bali explores entangled openness, inviting participants to analyze factors of oppression in OER creation and to engage new frameworks for design that Maha developed with colleagues, including the Compassionate Learning Design Model and Intentionally Equitable Hospitality. In “Power and Empowerment: Honoring By Decision and Design,” Andratesha Fritzgerald expertly models strategies to increase learner agency while exploring the difference between cultures of honor and cultures of power, arguing that Universal Design for Learning (UDL) must be coupled with anti-racism, a “protective action to design for those on the margins or fringes of success in academia.” In “Designing for Equity: Moving Beyond Inclusion 101,” Jess Mitchell advocates for tactical and relational strategies in managing oppressive educational systems, asking instructors to deeply humanize instructor-student relationships whenever possible. In “Harnessing the Resilience Within,” Dr. Mays Imad draws on the neurobiology of learning to examine radical implications for instructors and students when we “befriend” our social engagement nervous systems. In “Design Justice and Design Pedagogies,” Dr. Sasha Costanza-Chock applies Patricia Hill Collins’ matrix of domination in a design justice framework and challenges Oregon’s open education community to put 10 Principles of Design Justice into practice.

Designing for Justice: An Open Education Speaker Series was funded by the federal Governor’s Emergency Education Relief Fund.

Word Count: 14042

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

A Guide For Transitioning To College For Non-traditional Students

Short Description:
A Different Road To College: A Guide For Transitioning Non-Traditional Students is designed to introduce students to the contextual issues of college. Non-traditional students have an ever-growing presence on college campuses, especially community colleges. This open educational resource is designed to engage students in seeing themselves as college students and understanding the complexity of what that means to their lives. Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/shop/alise-lamoreaux/a-different-road-to-college-a-guide-for-transitioning-to-college-for-non-traditional-students/paperback/product-23853982.html

Long Description:
A Different Road To College: A Guide For Transitioning Non-Traditional Students is designed to introduce students to the contextual issues of college. Non-traditional students have an ever-growing presence on college campuses, especially community colleges. This open educational resource is designed to engage students in seeing themselves as college students and understanding the complexity of what that means to their lives.

Non-traditional students face critical issues surrounding participation and success in college. These critical issues include, but are not limited to, the following Strategies for managing competing needs on their time Difficulty navigating institutional environments Understanding the culture of college Transitional services not in place to the same degree as for “traditional” students Knowledgeable support systems Personal barriers Unpredictable influences on their schedules Work first, study second priorities Paying for college Underprepared foundation skills (Reading, Writing, Math, Computer Literacy, Human Relations, Oral Communication).

Most textbooks available on the topic of college transition/success today focus on the traditional 18-year old student and the needs of someone living away from home for the first time.The goal of the book is to help students understand how to select the right college for them and then become acquainted with the inner workings and language of college. The book is designed to be a practical guide for first-generation college students as they navigate potentially unfamiliar topics such as understanding the costs of college beyond tuition, navigating college websites, and defining critical language needed to understand communication regarding the context and culture of the college.

Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/shop/alise-lamoreaux/a-different-road-to-college-a-guide-for-transitioning-to-college-for-non-traditional-students/paperback/product-23853982.html

Word Count: 21849

ISBN: 978-1-63635-069-1

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Revised Edition

Short Description:
Digital Foundations uses formal exercises of the Bauhaus to teach the Adobe Creative Suite. All students of digital design and production—whether learning in a classroom or on their own—need to understand the basic principles of design in order to implement them using current software. Far too often design is left out of books that teach software for the trade and academic markets. Consequently, the design software training exercise is often a lost opportunity for visual learning. This revised edition updates the original text for use with Adobe Creative Cloud 2017 software. Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/digital-foundations-introduction-to-media-design-with-the-adobe-creative-cloud-revised-edition/24461332

Long Description:
Digital Foundations uses formal exercises of the Bauhaus to teach the Adobe Creative Suite. All students of digital design and production—whether learning in a classroom or on their own—need to understand the basic principles of design in order to implement them using current software. Far too often design is left out of books that teach software for the trade and academic markets. Consequently, the design software training exercise is often a lost opportunity for visual learning. This revised edition updates the original text for use with Adobe Creative Cloud 2017 software. What is Digital Foundations?

Digital Foundations: Introduction to Media Design with the Adobe Creative Suite integrates the formal principles of the Bauhaus Basic Course into an introduction to digital media production with the Adobe Creative Suite, or the FLOSS graphics applications. Why Digital Foundations is different

Most textbooks and software manuals in the current market do not include art and design history or visual principles. These books synthesize historical examples and traditional studio foundation exercises into smart, well-paced digital studio exercises. See it for yourself in Chapter 5 of Digital Foundations, where we explore Illustrator’s Color Picker window through Joseph Albers’ color exercises.

Digital media texts about Adobe Creative Suite, whether they are “Bibles”, “For Dummies” or “Classroom in a Books”, focus on tools and production tips. Digital Foundations is the only textbook that teaches visual skills through production tools. For example, look at our Table of Contents. It is organized by visual topics, including symmetry, line art, tonal scale, elements of motion, and more.

Digital Foundations is not specifically for dummies or classrooms. It was made for self-learners, artists, designers, as well as classroom applications. We wrote this book for our classrooms as well as for our parents!

Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/digital-foundations-introduction-to-media-design-with-the-adobe-creative-cloud-revised-edition/24461332

Word Count: 43007

ISBN: 978-1-63635-008-0

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Short Description:
This college-level open textbook covers the most salient environmental issues from a biological perspective. Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/environmental-biology/23350620

Long Description:
This open textbook covers the most salient environmental issues, from a biological perspective. The text is designed for an introductory-level college science course. Topics include the fundamentals of ecology, biodiversity, pollution, climate change, food production, and human population growth.

Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/environmental-biology/23350620

Word Count: 95192

ISBN: 978-1-63635-036-3

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Short Description:
This college-level open textbook covers the most salient environmental issues from a biological perspective.

Long Description:
This open textbook covers the most salient environmental issues from a biological perspective. The text is designed for an introductory-level college science course or as a course for non-science majors. Topics include the fundamentals of ecology, biodiversity, pollution, climate change, food production, and human population growth and the biological concepts that allow a student to understand the large challenges facing our society.

Word Count: 116345

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Short Description:
This textbook was written for a community college introductory course in spreadsheets utilizing Microsoft Excel. While the figures shown utilize Excel 2019, the textbook was written to be applicable to other versions of Excel as well. The book introduces new users to the basics of spreadsheets and is appropriate for students in any major who have not used Excel before. This textbook includes instructions for Excel for Mac also.

Long Description:
This Beginning Excel textbook is intended for use in a one-term introductory spreadsheet course for all majors taught at two-year colleges. The basics of Excel, as they apply to the professional workplace, are introduced, including spreadsheet design, data entry, formulas, functions, charts, tables, and multi-sheet use. This textbook includes instructions for Excel for Mac also.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Word Count: 91873

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Short Description:
This Beginning Excel textbook is intended for use in a one-term introductory spreadsheet course with an emphasis in the use of Excel for Building Construction Programs. The basics of Excel, as they apply to the professional workplace, are introduced, including spreadsheet design, data entry, formulas, functions, charts, tables, and multi-sheet use. This textbook includes instructions for Excel for Mac also.

Long Description:
This Beginning Excel textbook is intended for use in a one-term introductory spreadsheet course with an emphasis in the use of Excel for Building Construction Programs. The basics of Excel, as they apply to the professional workplace, are introduced, including spreadsheet design, data entry, formulas, functions, charts, tables, and multi-sheet use. This textbook includes instructions for Excel for Mac also.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Word Count: 56709

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

An Applied Approach

Short Description:
This is a forest measurements textbook written for field technicians. Silvicultural applications and illustrations are provided to demonstrate the relevance of the measurements. Special “technique tips” for each skill are intended to help increase data collection accuracy and confidence. These include how to avoid common pitfalls, effective short cuts and essentials for recording field data correctly. The emphasis is on elementary skills; it is not intended to be a timber cruising guide. Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/forest-measurements-an-applied-approach/23678305

Long Description:
This is a forest measurements textbook written for field technicians. Silvicultural applications and illustrations are provided to demonstrate the relevance of the measurements. Special “technique tips” for each skill are intended to help increase data collection accuracy and confidence. These include how to avoid common pitfalls, effective short cuts and essentials for recording field data correctly. Topics include how to determine %slope, tree height, tree diameter, live crown ratio, tree age, crown class and site index. The emphasis is on elementary skills; it is not intended to be a timber cruising guide.

Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/forest-measurements-an-applied-approach/23678305

Word Count: 21980

ISBN: 978-1-63635-053-0

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Short Description:
This is a forest measurements textbook written for field technicians. Silvicultural applications and illustrations are provided to demonstrate the relevance of the measurements. Special “technique tips” for each skill are intended to help increase data collection accuracy and confidence. These include how to avoid common pitfalls, effective short cuts and essentials for recording field data correctly. The emphasis is on elementary skills; it is not intended to be a timber cruising guide.

Long Description:
This is a forest measurements textbook written for field technicians. Silvicultural applications and illustrations are provided to demonstrate the relevance of the measurements. Special “technique tips” for each skill are intended to help increase data collection accuracy and confidence. These include how to avoid common pitfalls, effective short cuts and essentials for recording field data correctly. Topics include how to determine %slope, tree height, tree diameter, live crown ratio, tree age, crown class and site index. The emphasis is on elementary skills; it is not intended to be a timber cruising guide.

Word Count: 21630

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically as part of a bulk import process by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided. As a result, there may be errors in formatting.)

Short Description:
How to Learn Like a Pro! features the “big six” effective learning/study skills topics: learning styles and preferences, time and materials management, critical thinking and reading, note-taking, memory principles, and test-taking techniques. Each of the six units featuring a combined total of twenty-three lessons and accompanying exercises (with a dash of humor here and there) were developed with the diverse student body of the community college in mind as well as learners in other educational venues. Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/how-to-learn-like-a-pro/23678139

Long Description:
How to Learn Like a Pro! features the “big six” effective learning/study skills topics:

– Learning styles and preferences – Time and materials management – Critical thinking and reading – Note-taking – Memory principles and techniques – Test-taking

Each of the six units featuring a total of twenty-three lessons and accompanying exercises (with a dash of humor here and there) were developed with the diverse student body of the community college in mind as well as learners in other educational venues.

The curriculum was designed for an eleven-week term, but for instructors of trimester- and semester-length classes, each unit includes a section on additional assignments, activities, and assessment options. Special attention was given to exercises that incorporate diverse learning styles as well as the varied educational needs and concerns of students ranging from the eighteen-year old freshman to older students, returnees, and international students.

Order a print copy: http://www.lulu.com/content/paperback-book/how-to-learn-like-a-pro/23678139

Word Count: 22662

ISBN: 978-1-63635-032-5

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Short Description:
Covers hydraulics math, Pascal's Law, hydraulic schematics, fluid properties, series and parallel hydraulic circuits, regenerative extension, accumulators, flow control valves and flow control methods, pressure control valves, pumps, and electrically controlled hydraulic systems.

Long Description:
Covers hydraulics math, Pascal’s Law, hydraulic schematics, fluid properties, series and parallel hydraulic circuits, regenerative extension, accumulators, flow control valves and flow control methods, pressure control valves, pumps, and electrically controlled hydraulic systems.

Word Count: 11723

ISBN: 978-1-63635-057-8

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

The Open Educational Resource Reader and Workbook for Interpreters

Short Description:
This Open Educational Resource (OER) on interpreting offers authors and readers free and open access to current, relevant, easy-to-access, and free materials. The editors have created a space where emerging scholars in the field of signed language interpreting make contributions with the ability to revise as the interpreting studies discipline and the scholars, themselves, develop and change. This OER provides faculty and students readings and practical application experiences that connect program specific coursework and concepts across the interpreter education curriculum emphasizing the holistic nature of the field of interpreting.

Long Description:
The purpose of this OER project is to develop current materials targeting newer scholars as authors who have conducted current research, but have not had an opportunity to publish. In this project, each of the five editors will develop and/or compile a collection of reading and ancillary materials on a specific content area. Contributions will be made in written English or digitally recorded American Sign Language (ASL). All contributors retain rights to their own work and may reuse in traditional and transformative ways as OER approaches continue to advance. As authors continue to grow, they are encouraged to remix (create new content over time) and redistribute materials they have developed.

The goal of this OER is to offer faculty and students readings and practical application experiences that connect program specific coursework and concepts across the interpreter education curriculum emphasizing the holistic nature of the field of interpreting.

Additionally, there are different needs for those students who are native English speakers and those who are native/primary users of ASL. We also envision other interpreter educators using the materials. Thus, we expect that the readings and activities will be revised (adapted) as needed.

Courses and topics for this project include interpreter mindset, pre-interpreting skills and knowledge, technical skills, reflective practice, linguistics, cultural intelligence, multicultural competencies, meaning transfer, and coaching.

Word Count: 38589

ISBN: 978-1-63635-025-7

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)