A set of three short writing assignments were designed to encourage students to think critically about the way that scientific research is reported by the popular media and the reasons that research may or may not be reported in a way that could be construed as misleading.

Short Description:
Este cuaderno introduce a los profesores en conceptos clave de la Ciencia del Aprendizaje (es decir, la neurociencia cognitiva). El libro es el resultado de un proyecto europeo y su contenido se ha compilado a partir de talleres de desarrollo profesional continuo para profesores. El libro sirve principalmente para proporcionar una extensa lista de referencias para aquellos que buscan profundizar su conocimiento sobre la ciencia que subyace en cómo aprendemos.

Long Description:
Conceptos de la Ciencia del Aprendizaje para Docentes (proyecto Illuminated) introduce a los profesores en conceptos clave de la Ciencia del Aprendizaje (es decir, la neurociencia cognitiva). El libro es el resultado de un proyecto europeo y su contenido se ha compilado a partir de talleres de desarrollo profesional continuo para profesores. El libro sirve principalmente para proporcionar una extensa lista de referencias para aquellos que buscan profundizar su conocimiento sobre la ciencia que subyace en cómo aprendemos.

El ebook está disponible en inglés, español, finlandés, griego y portugués.

Please cite as: Beardsley, M. & Ruiz-Mejías, M. 2020. Conceptos de la Ciencia del Aprendizaje para Docentes (proyecto Illuminated)(1st ed.). Obtenido de https://illuminatedes.pressbooks.com/

Word Count: 20327

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Basic principles of learning are always operating and always influencing human behavior. This module discusses the two most fundamental forms of learning -- classical (Pavlovian) and instrumental (operant) conditioning. Through them, we respectively learn to associate 1) stimuli in the environment, or 2) our own behaviors, with significant events, such as rewards and punishments. The two types of learning have been intensively studied because they have powerful effects on behavior, and because they provide methods that allow scientists to analyze learning processes rigorously. This module describes some of the most important things you need to know about classical and instrumental conditioning, and it illustrates some of the many ways they help us understand normal and disordered behavior in humans. The module concludes by introducing the concept of observational learning, which is a form of learning that is largely distinct from classical and operant conditioning.

Because of its ability to determine cause-and-effect relationships, the laboratory experiment is traditionally considered the method of choice for psychological science. One downside, however, is that as it carefully controls conditions and their effects, it can yield findings that are out of touch with reality and have limited use when trying to understand real-world behavior. This module highlights the importance of also conducting research outside the psychology laboratory, within participants’ natural, everyday environments, and reviews existing methodologies for studying daily life.

Perspectives for the Canadian Workplace

Short Description:
This book examines the nature of conflict in the workplace - its sources, costs and management, as well as workplace conflict management with respect to group interactions, organizational culture, and provincial/federal legislation. In addition, this book focuses on the individual; how our perceptions, emotions, motivation, personality and communication skills impact how we manage stress and conflict at work. Throughout the book, readers are encouraged to engage in critical self-assessment and case study review. These exercises provide the reader with the opportunity to assess potential conflict situations, recognize emotions, communicate assertively, and manage conflict with integrity and professionalism.

Long Description:
This Open Educational Resource (OER) is a custom publication for students enrolled in PSYC-6006: Conflict Management.

In the first half of the book, we will examine the nature of conflict in the workplace – its sources, costs and management. We will also briefly examine workplace conflict management with respect to group interactions, organizational culture, and provincial/federal legislation.

During the second half of the book, the focus will be on the individual; how our perceptions, emotions, motivation, personality and communication skills impact how we manage stress and conflict at work.

Throughout the book, you will be encouraged to engage in critical self-assessment and case studies. These exercises will provide you with the opportunity to assess potential conflict situations, recognize your emotions, communicate assertively, and manage conflict with integrity and professionalism.

Word Count: 168804

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We often change our attitudes and behaviors to match the attitudes and behaviors of the people around us. One reason for this conformity is a concern about what other people think of us. This process was demonstrated in a classic study in which college students deliberately gave wrong answers to a simple visual judgment task rather than go against the group. Another reason we conform to the norm is because other people often have information we do not, and relying on norms can be a reasonable strategy when we are uncertain about how we are supposed to act. Unfortunately, we frequently misperceive how the typical person acts, which can contribute to problems such as the excessive binge drinking often seen in college students. Obeying orders from an authority figure can sometimes lead to disturbing behavior. This danger was illustrated in a famous study in which participants were instructed to administer painful electric shocks to another person in what they believed to be a learning experiment. Despite vehement protests from the person receiving the shocks, most participants continued the procedure when instructed to do so by the experimenter. The findings raise questions about the power of blind obedience in deplorable situations such as atrocities and genocide. They also raise concerns about the ethical treatment of participants in psychology experiments.

Everyone has their own view of the nature of consciousness based on their education and background. The intention of this book is to expand this view by providing an insight into the various ideas and beliefs on the subject as well as a review of current work in neuroscience. The neuroscientist should find the philosophical discussion interesting because this provides first-person insights into the nature of consciousness and also provides some subtle arguments about why consciousness is not a simple problem. The student of philosophy will find a useful introduction to the subject and information about neuroscience and physics that is difficult to acquire elsewhere.

Humans are social animals. This means we work together in groups to achieve goals that benefit everyone. From building skyscrapers to delivering packages to remote island nations, modern life requires that people cooperate with one another. However, people are also motivated by self-interest, which often stands as an obstacle to effective cooperation. This module explores the concept of cooperation and the processes that both help and hinder it.

Students are asked to count the vowels in a list of 15 words. They are then asked to write down as many WORDS as they can remember. They can usually remember only 3 - 4.
Next students are told to look at the list of words and asked to memorize them. They can usually remember about half of them after trying to memorize the words.
Finally, students are told that the words are listed in a certain way, with a guiding concept to the arrangements. They readily understand the words are listed according to number. After spending 30 seconds to memorize the words this time, students generally tend to remember 12 or more.
Metacognitive components of the activityStudents learn that considering the organization of informaton is important to remember it.
Metacognitive goals for this activity:To show students that they can significantly and immediately improve their learning.
Assessing students' metacognitionStudents tell us in verbal or email communication that they have now "stopped counting vowels" and are learning information.

This is an online course in experimentation as a method of the empirical social sciences, directed at science newcomers and undergrads. We cover topics such as:
- How do we know what’s true?
- How can one recognize false conclusions?
- What is an experiment?
- What are experiments good for, and what can we learn from them?
- What makes a good experiment and how can I make a good experiment?

The aim of the course is to illustrate the principles of experimental insight. We also discuss why experiments are the gold standard in empirical social sciences and how a basic understanding of experimentation can also help us deal with questions in everyday life.

But it is not only exciting research questions and clever experimental set-ups that are needed for experiments to really work well. Experiments and the knowledge gained from them should be as freely accessible and transparent as possible, regardless of the context. Only then can other thinkers and experimenters check whether the results can be reproduced. And only then can other thinkers and experimenters build their own experiments on reliable original work. This is why the online course Open for Insight also discusses how experiments and the findings derived can be developed and communicated openly and transparently.

An idea or solution is considered creative if it is original, useful, and surprising. However, depending on who actually judges these three criteria, we must distinguish personal “little-c creativity” from consensual “Big-C Creativity.” In any case, psychologists who investigate creativity most often adopt one of three perspectives. First, they can ask how creators think, and thus focus on the cognitive processes behind creativity. Second, they can ask who is creative, and hence investigate the personal characteristics of highly creative people. Third, they can ask about the social context, and, thereby, examine the environments that influence creativity. Although psychologists have made major advances in the study of creativity, many exciting and important questions remain to be answered.

This resource is of Wikipedia discusses on the historical aspects of Criminology , Different Schools of Criminological Thoughts including Sociological,Psychological, Marxism Theories, Labelling Theories, Routine Activity Theory, Biologilcal thoeries .

This source also discusses the definition and types of Crime.

Thus , the Wikipedia is the original source, it is shared in this OER platform to share the insights on Criminology to many of the people. Hence, I deserve no right on this resource , other than sharing it.

Teaching and Learning Guide (2nd edition)

Word Count: 59829

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Although the most visible elements of culture are dress, cuisine and architecture, culture is a highly psychological phenomenon. Culture is a pattern of meaning for understanding how the world works. This knowledge is shared among a group of people and passed from one generation to the next. This module defines culture, addresses methodological issues, and introduces the idea that culture is a process. Understanding cultural processes can help people get along better with others and be more socially responsible.

Culture, Embodiment, and the Senses will provide an historical and cross-cultural analysis of the politics of sensory experience. The subject will address western philosophical debates about mind, brain, emotion, and the body and the historical value placed upon sight, reason, and rationality, versus smell, taste, and touch as acceptable modes of knowing and knowledge production. We will assess cultural traditions that challenge scientific interpretations of experience arising from western philosophical and physiological models. The class will examine how sensory experience lies beyond the realm of individual physiological or psychological responses and occurs within a culturally elaborated field of social relations. Finally, we will debate how discourse about the senses is a product of particular modes of knowledge production that are themselves contested fields of power relations.

How do people’s cultural ideas and practices shape their emotions (and other types of feelings)? In this module, we will discuss findings from studies comparing North American (United States, Canada) and East Asian (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) contexts. These studies reveal both cultural similarities and differences in various aspects of emotional life. Throughout, we will highlight the scientific and practical importance of these findings and conclude with recommendations for future research.

How People Shape and are Shaped by Culture

Short Description:
Culture is one of the most powerful forces in the world. It shapes how we make sense of our world, how we express ourselves and how we understand and relate to others. In this textbook we introduce cultural universals and culturally specific constructs in psychology. This textbook was created for an undergraduate course that appeals to psychology majors and non-majors because it meets several general education and transfer credit requirements.

Long Description:
This textbook was part of a grant supported project that remixed and reused existing OER materials, as well as created new content which emphasized cultural universals and culturally specific constructs in psychology. This textbook was created for an undergraduate course that appeals to psychology majors and non-majors because it meets several general education and transfer credit requirements. Additionally, our materials were aimed at meeting lower division curriculum needs where options for psychology and culture are limited.

Word Count: 80452

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This open resources textbook contains 10 Units that describe and explain the main concepts in statistical analysis of psychological data (managing data, measures of central tendency, measures of spread, correlations, simple linear regression). In addition to conceptual descriptions and explanations of the basic analyses for descriptive statistics, this textbook also explains how to conduct those analyses with common statistical software (Excel) and open-source free software (R). This book is directed to undergraduates studying basic statistics, especially basic statistics in psychological research.