This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"There is a reciprocal relationship between the gut microbiome and its host. The microbiome influences host health and survival, while host traits shape the microbial community structure. One of the ways the host is thought to influence the microbiome is through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The MHC is a collection of variable genes that play key roles in host immunity. However, few studies have examined wild animal populations for links between the MHC and microbiome. To close this gap, researchers examined the MHC genotypes and gut microbial communities of wild Seychelles warblers (_Acrocephalus sechellensis_). Specific MHC alleles, rather than overall MHC diversity, corresponded to differences in the diversity and composition of the microbiota and MHC class I alleles had a greater impact on the microbiota than MHC class II alleles. Gut microbiome diversity also increased with whole-genome heterozygosity, which is the proportion of sites in the genome with two different alleles..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

(Nota: Esta es una traducción de un recurso educativo abierto creado por el Departamento de Educación del Estado de Nueva York (NYSED) como parte del proyecto "EngageNY" en 2013. Aunque el recurso real fue traducido por personas, la siguiente descripción se tradujo del inglés original usando Google Translate para ayudar a los usuarios potenciales a decidir si se adapta a sus necesidades y puede contener errores gramaticales o lingüísticos. La descripción original en inglés también se proporciona a continuación.)

En este módulo de 25 días de grado 2, los estudiantes amplían su habilidad y comprensión de las unidades agrupando, decenas y cientos de hasta mil con pajitas. A diferencia de la longitud de 10 centímetros en el módulo 2, estos paquetes son conjuntos discretos. Una unidad puede ser agarrada y contada como un plátano? 1cientos, cientos, 3cientos, etc. Un número en el Grado 1 generalmente consistía en dos unidades, decenas y otras diferentes. Ahora, en el grado 2, un número generalmente consta de tres unidades: cientos, decenas y otras. Las unidades agrupadas se organizan separándolas más grandes a más pequeñas, ordenadas de izquierda a derecha. En el transcurso del módulo, la instrucción se mueve de los paquetes físicos que muestran la proporcionalidad de las unidades a discos de valor del lugar no proporción y a los números en la tabla de valor del lugar.

Encuentre el resto de los recursos matemáticos de Engageny en https://archive.org/details/engageny-mathematics.

English Description:
In this 25-day Grade 2 module, students expand their skill with and understanding of units by bundling ones, tens, and hundreds up to a thousand with straws. Unlike the length of 10 centimeters in Module 2, these bundles are discrete sets. One unit can be grabbed and counted just like a banana?1 hundred, 2 hundred, 3 hundred, etc. A number in Grade 1 generally consisted of two different units, tens and ones. Now, in Grade 2, a number generally consists of three units: hundreds, tens, and ones. The bundled units are organized by separating them largest to smallest, ordered from left to right. Over the course of the module, instruction moves from physical bundles that show the proportionality of the units to non-proportional place value disks and to numerals on the place value chart.

Find the rest of the EngageNY Mathematics resources at https://archive.org/details/engageny-mathematics.

Hundreds of scientific articles. Written for middle and high school students. Approved by scientists. Free.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. IBS can have profound effects on quality of life, and treatment options are limited. While several studies have found associations between dietary habits and the gut microbiome in healthy individuals, studies in patients with IBS are limited. To better understand this relationship in IBS, researchers studied food diary data and sequenced gut microbiota in 149 individuals with IBS and 52 healthy controls. They found that individuals with IBS tended to show a higher intake of poorer quality food during main meals. Covariation between gut microbiota and diet corresponded with IBS symptom severity, exhaled gas, glycan metabolism, and meat/plant ratio, and IBS severity was associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen production, with changes seen in enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Short Description:
This is a forest measurements textbook written for field technicians. Silvicultural applications and illustrations are provided to demonstrate the relevance of the measurements. Special “technique tips” for each skill are intended to help increase data collection accuracy and confidence. These include how to avoid common pitfalls, effective short cuts and essentials for recording field data correctly. The emphasis is on elementary skills; it is not intended to be a timber cruising guide.

Long Description:
This is a forest measurements textbook written for field technicians. Silvicultural applications and illustrations are provided to demonstrate the relevance of the measurements. Special “technique tips” for each skill are intended to help increase data collection accuracy and confidence. These include how to avoid common pitfalls, effective short cuts and essentials for recording field data correctly. Topics include how to determine %slope, tree height, tree diameter, live crown ratio, tree age, crown class and site index. The emphasis is on elementary skills; it is not intended to be a timber cruising guide.

Word Count: 21630

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically as part of a bulk import process by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided. As a result, there may be errors in formatting.)

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Undernutrition is responsible for nearly half of all deaths in children under five. It affects everything from long-term physical and cognitive development and susceptibility to disease to vaccine efficacy. Children who are undernourished often fail to regain height and weight, even after nutritional intervention. Scientists are now looking to non-dietary factors to explain why stunting continues after children consume nutrient-rich foods. A recent study examined the effects of chronic undernutrition on intestinal microbes. Using fecal bacteria from 200 children between two and five years old in Madagascar and Central African Republic, researchers found that undernourished children had a high proportion of bacteria bound to immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA is a type of antibody that typically regulates host-microbe homeostasis in the intestine. But malnutrition allows pathogenic bacteria to proliferate, resulting in altered IgA recognition of intestinal microbes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A team of researchers from the US and the UK has launched a mathematical assault on our planet. Using energy calculations, they’ve tasked themselves with determining the ability for life as we know it to make it through a catastrophe of cosmic proportions. It’s the end of the world as we know it. And the verdict is that life will be fine. Just what kind of calamity would it take to wipe out all life? The simplest answer is that, since life as we know it depends on water, the entire ocean would have to boil. Earth’s toughest creature, the tardigrade, can withstand temperatures well above boiling. But it can do so for only a few minutes. So the question now becomes, what cosmic events are cataclysmic enough to vaporize our oceans? Mathematically, it’s an energy problem—to which there are three possible answers. The first is an asteroid impact. Many space objects have struck Earth throughout history. And many still might..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Termites are one of the few animal lineages able to digest the most abundant biomolecule on earth, lignocellulose. Of the nine families of termites, all but one of them eat wood, with the last feeding on soil. While termites produce enzymes that break down lignocellulose, their gut microbes are still a critical part of the digestion process. But most termite gut microbiome research to date is based on research from wood-feeding or pest species of termites. So, a recent study examined the prokaryotic gut microbes from a sample of termite species that better represent the diversity of termites. The gut microbes possessed a similar set of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism genes across the termite phylogenetic tree. The proportions of these genes varied with the hosts’ diet and position on the phylogenetic tree. Surprisingly, the soil-feeding termites didn't even have unique microbial metabolic genes or pathways compared to wood-feeding species..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In northern ecosystems, winter carbon loss is estimated to exceed growing season carbon uptake, primarily because of microbial decomposition. Viruses in soil alter microbial carbon cycling by affecting metabolic pathways and killing their hosts, but whether viruses are active under anoxic and sub-freezing soil conditions remains unknown. To find out, a recent study used stable isotope probing (SIP) targeted metagenomics to investigate active microbes in Alaskan Arctic peat soils under simulated winter conditions, with a particular focus on viruses and virus-host dynamics. Overall, 46 bacterial and 243 viral populations actively took up soil water labeled with ¹⁸O and respired CO₂. Active bacteria represented a small proportion of the total microbial community but were able to ferment and degrade organic matter. In contrast, a large diversity of viruses were found to be active, one-third of which were linked to active bacteria..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

National, state, or local-level data are limited with respect to the characteristics of immigrant children in the child welfare system, the proportion of immigrant children who reunify, or the constellation of services that may be associated with family reunification among immigrant families. To fill these gaps in the literature, practice, and policy, this project examined family reunification among Mexican and Vietnamese immigrant and non-immigrant children and identified promising practices to improve service availability and effectiveness. This study used quantitative and qualitative methods and was conducted in two counties in Northern California. This curriculum has five overall goals: (a) to understand common characteristics among Mexican and Vietnamese immigrant families in the U.S. and California and connections among parenting and acculturation; (b) to understand distinctive characteristics of Mexican and Vietnamese immigrants in the child welfare system, compared to non-immigrants; (c) to understand factors that contribute to reunification among Mexican and Vietnamese immigrant families involved in family reunification services; (d) to understand how the work of a child welfare worker influences service availability for Mexican and Vietnamese immigrant families; and (e) to understand the basic components of cultural competence and how these relate to service effectiveness with immigrant families involved in the child welfare system. Video clip (coming) and PowerPoint Presentation (coming).Osterling, K. L., & Han, M. (2013).

Rating: Example of High Quality NGSS Design if Improved

Science Discipline: Earth & Space Sciences, Physical Sciences

Length: Unit

In Investigating Life on the Third Rock, middle school students work to generate and explore the overarching question of “How does the solar system and its objects affect life on Earth?” Students use modeling and argumentation to explore the lesson-level questions: “What properties of the solar system and its objects help explain why Earth can sustain life?” “Does the Moon affect life on Earth?” and “Why do the solar system and its objects move like they do?”

Students model how a complex system operates and how some parts of a complex system have more leverage or influence on the rest of the system. Students relate this to the interconnectedness of food webs.

The intent of clarifying statements is to provide additional guidance for educators to communicate the intent of the standard to support the future development of curricular resources and assessments aligned to the 2021 math standards.  Clarifying statements can be in the form of succinct sentences or paragraphs that attend to one of four types of clarifications: (1) Student Experiences; (2) Examples; (3) Boundaries; and (4) Connection to Math Practices.

The Playful Learning Challenge's Pre-K and Kindergarten Math Activities Kit contains a series of 10 research-based early math activities centered around play, that can be used with simple materials in children's classrooms or homes.

Consistent confirmations obtained independently of each other lend credibility to a scientific result. We refer to results satisfying this consistency as reproducible and assume that reproducibility is a desirable property of scientific discovery. Yet seemingly science also progresses despite irreproducible results, indicating that the relationship between reproducibility and other desirable properties of scientific discovery is not well understood. These properties include early discovery of truth, persistence on truth once it is discovered, and time spent on truth in a long-term scientific inquiry. We build a mathematical model of scientific discovery that presents a viable framework to study its desirable properties including reproducibility. In this framework, we assume that scientists adopt a model-centric approach to discover the true model generating data in a stochastic process of scientific discovery. We analyze the properties of this process using Markov chain theory, Monte Carlo methods, and agent-based modeling. We show that the scientific process may not converge to truth even if scientific results are reproducible and that irreproducible results do not necessarily imply untrue results. The proportion of different research strategies represented in the scientific population, scientists’ choice of methodology, the complexity of truth, and the strength of signal contribute to this counter-intuitive finding. Important insights include that innovative research speeds up the discovery of scientific truth by facilitating the exploration of model space and epistemic diversity optimizes across desirable properties of scientific discovery.

In these homework exercises, students manipulate two- and three- component phase diagrams. At various points during their interpretation of melting or crystallization of a composition, they are asked to visualize/sketch the resulting rock (in thin section) if it were quenched at that point. They are also required to know how to determine how many phases are in equilibrium and the proportions (or percentages) of those phases at any given point during the evolution of a given magma. These exercises require that students understand Gibb's phase rule (and the condensed phase rule), the lever rule and how to determine liquid and solid (both instantaneous and bulk) compositions. In all, there are 4 binary and 6 ternary phase diagram exercises that are each 1-3 pages in length. I have also included an exercise that introduces phase diagrams and the phase rule (developed with Daniel Brabander). We developed these exercises while at Boston University because we felt that conventional exercises taught the students how to manipulate the diagrams but students could not make the connection to what they are seeing in hand sample and in thin section. We have since found that students were better able to apply the concepts of phase diagrams to their hands-on laboratory exercises.

(Note: this resource was added to OER Commons as part of a batch upload of over 2,200 records. If you notice an issue with the quality of the metadata, please let us know by using the 'report' button and we will flag it for consideration.)

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The composition of the gut microbiome is affected by diet as well as obesity, which can itself be diet-related, but the comparative influences of these factors are unclear. To explore the complex interactions among diet, obesity, and gut microbes, researchers examined female monkeys fed either a Western or Mediterranean diet. Metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples revealed that diet was the main contributor to gut bacterial diversity. Compared with the Western diet group, the Mediterranean diet group had greater overall diversity and different abundance of 54 bacterial species. Within each diet group, leaner and heavier monkeys also had subtly different microbiomes. Interestingly, the Western diet-fed group had more Prevotella copri and had high-P. copri and low-P. copri subgroups. High-P. copri monkeys had lower diversity than low-P. copri monkeys and different proportions of some microbes. Untargeted metabolomics of urine and plasma also suggested that the high-P..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Through a gardening activity, students will use their knowledge of growth to determine the effect of gravity on plant growth.