Nearly one third of the world’s population are exposed to high levels of indoor air pollution from the household’s use of solid fuel. The fuel is mainly biomass burning under poor combustion conditions
in open fires or primitive stoves and with low ventilation. This costs more than 4 million lives every year and enormous suffering in particular among women and children.

What is air pollution? What is it in the air that is harmful? This lecture focuses on air pollution, where it occur, and how it spread.

In this presentation, we will describe the global levels and trends in major air pollutants and related health burden. Air pollution is an important global risk factor for disease. People who live in more polluted areas develop more often chronic and infectious disease and die prematurely as compared to people living in areas with low air pollution.

In large part of the World, people spend more than 90 percent of the time in indoor environments, where air quality is important for health. The environment outside the building, what goes on inside the building and the exchange of air pollutants affects the indoor air. Tight buildings can reduce energy consumption and entry of outdoor air pollutants, but unless ventilation is right indoor air pollutants from combustion processes, dampness, microbes, the dwellers bio effluents,
appliances, care and cleaning products, clothing, furniture, building materials, the underground and many other sources will build up indoors causing important health effects.

In this presentation, we will discuss how we can know whether one individual is more susceptible to harmful effect of air pollution than others are. Everyone is exposed, but some groups may be more susceptible to the harmful effect of air pollution than others may.

In this lecture, we will describe the mechanisms by which air pollution causes pulmonary health effects in the human population. The pulmonary health effects include exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), increased risk of lower
respiratory tracts infections and lung cancer.

In this presentation, we will describe the mechanisms by which air pollution causes health effects in other parts of the body than the lungs. In continuation of this, we will discuss the important mechanisms of extra pulmonary health effect.

There is a long way before the whole world complies with the WHO guidelines for air quality, but the enormous burden of disease from outdoor air pollution forces us to increase action to come as far as possible. In continuation of this, we will discuss what we can do about air pollution at global, international, national, city and individual levels. Most of the actions to reduce air pollution also mitigates climate change and/or promote health in other ways – so there are many win-win and
win-win-win situations

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"This video is based on a preprint. Preprints are preliminary reports that have not undergone peer review. They should not be considered conclusive, used to inform clinical practice, or referenced by the media as validated information. As the COVID-19 pandemic wages on, scientific research is uncovering multiple forces that alter the spread of the disease. One enhancing factor could be air pollution. Researchers at the University of Cambridge recently linked COVID-19 to air pollution levels in England, where more than 45,000 patients have died of COVID-19. Initial findings revealed that regional variations in nitrogen oxide and ozone in particular could predict COVID-19 cases and deaths. The risk of infection was found to be increased by exposure to particulate matter (PM). Such pollution can lead to increased inflammation in the lungs or even help carry the virus that causes COVID-19 across large distances..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A new algorithm has successfully mapped part of the brain’s circuitry during shock therapy. For those suffering from severe depression, the approach could make for safer and more effective treatment. For brain research at large, it could lead to better ways of untangling noisy neural data to reveal real connections between different focal regions of the brain. Despite the gruesome picture painted by pop culture, modern shock therapy is a mild treatment option. In fact, over 2 million treatments are administered worldwide every year. Under general anesthesia, patients receive a small amount of current to the brain, triggering a brief seizure. The resulting changes in brain chemistry have been shown to reverse symptoms of mental health conditions like severe depression or bipolar disorder. But the procedure isn’t perfect. One of the most troubling side effects is memory loss, a result of poor targeting. To be effective and safe, induced seizures should be restricted to the pre-frontal cortex..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Alirocumab, a drug that inhibits PCSK9 and helps clear the blood of atherogenic lipids, may be of benefit for individuals with type 2 diabetes who are most at risk of cardiovascular disease. According to the International Diabetes Federation, heart disease is the leading cause of death among people with type 2 diabetes. One factor that might contribute to that grim statistic is the high mixed dyslipidemia prevalence in this population. Mixed dyslipidemia is characterized by elevated triglycerides, and hence high triglyceride-rich lipoprotein, or remnant cholesterol, and high cholesterol levels; and low serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or HDL-C. Despite treatment with statins and other lipid-lowering therapies targeting atherogenic lipoproteins, management of mixed dyslipidemia remains challenging, especially among individuals with diabetes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A recent analysis suggests that ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor (or PI), is tolerable and enhances therapeutic responses in patients with multiple myeloma. Ixazomib is approved for use in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for patients who have already received 1 or more prior therapy. The promising results obtained for non-transplant patients taking ixazomib alone, if their disease has responded to primary induction therapy, point to a new possible treatment option for multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma is a form of cancer that develops in bone marrow. Here, the body normally generates white blood cells that help fight off infection. But in multiple myeloma, malignant cells gradually crowd out these disease-fighting cells, compromising the body’s immune response, while also damaging the bones. The malignant cells also secrete large amounts of a non-functional protein which leads to kidney failure and other harms..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"When patients undergo general anesthesia, there’s a shift in the distribution of ventilation and perfusion throughout the lung, with more areas of the lung getting too much air, relative to the amount of blood flow, and others getting too little. This type of scatter is traditionally described by Riley’s three-compartment model, in which high-ratio lung regions getting less blood flow produce increases in the alveolar deadspace. But new work published in the journal Anesthesiology shows that this model fails to account for different blood solubilities of various anesthetics -- and shows how multicompartment models better predict what is happening in the lungs. The researchers extended an earlier study in anesthetized patients that found that partial pressure measurements of inhaled anesthetic in the lungs did not match those made for carbon dioxide -- and were inconsistent with the three-compartment theory..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Learn the basics of AMA referencing and how to use EndNote effectively with this style in this 10-15 minute, self-paced tutorial.

American Red Cross First Aid-CPR-AED Resources:Responding to Emergencies: Comprehensive First Aid, CPR, and AED. American Red Cross is the Author and publisher of these resource materials.

This assignment was developed for an undergraduate course in communication sciences and disorders. 

Le diagnostic est défini comme l’ensemble des mesures réalisées afin d’identifier la nature et la cause des pathologies. Cette recherche est par essence imparfaite et tout thérapeute visera, autant que faire se peut, à s’approcher au plus près du diagnostic. Dans ce processus, plusieurs modalités (anamnèse, examen clinique et examens complémentaires) seront nécessaires tout en restant insuffisantes - ou pour le moins imprécises - lorsqu’elles seront considérées de manière isolée. Au final, c’est la synthèse de ces données qui nous offrira la meilleure vision d’une pathologie nécessairement spécifique et individuelle. La médecine se trouve à mi-distance entre les sciences exactes et les sciences humaines. Certains la définissent aussi comme un art, c’est-à-dire comme une capacité individuelle qu’aurait chaque médecin à soigner. En partie en réaction avec cette idée, depuis une trentaine d’années, l’Evidence Based Medicine s’est progressivement imposée dans les parcours thérapeutiques en même temps qu’une multitude de nouveaux examens complémentaires. Cette évolution vers davantage de science se voit aujourd’hui modérée par un retour progressif à une prise en charge plus globale des patients et c’est probablement à mi-chemin que se trouvera la meilleure stratégie. L’avantage de cette méthode est appuyé par la littérature scientifique actuelle qui montre, chaque jour un peu plus, l’interconnexion des différentes pathologies là-même où nous aurions pensé les séparer par une frontière bien nette. La prise en charge du patient dans sa globalité est garantie par un interrogatoire et un examen clinique bien conduits. Eux seuls peuvent efficacement orienter la nécessité d’examens complémentaires dont la précision extrême reste limitée soit dans l’espace (une IRM lombaire ne couvre que quelques vertèbres…) soit par leur technologie (faible résolution spatiale de la scintigraphie...). La pathologie rachidienne est décrite, à cause de sa prévalence, comme la pathologie du siècle. Elle constitue un des premiers motifs de consultation. Son impact est important sur le plan socio-économique et sur le plan de la santé publique. En effet, en termes d’invalidité, les problèmes lombaires sont au premier plan, suivis par la dépression et les autres affections musculo-squelettiques. Le vieillissement de nos populations s’accompagne d’une augmentation des pathologies dégénératives - y compris rachidiennes - associant des symptômes d’enraidissement, de douleur, de déformation ou de déficit neurologique. Dans ce chapitre, nous nous efforcerons de mettre en lumière les éléments fondamentaux à recueillir dans le cadre d’une consultation en pathologie rachidienne. Il ne s’agit donc pas d’une description exhaustive de l’ensemble des techniques d’interrogatoire et d’examen clinique mais plutôt d’un recueil d’étapes nécessaires pour pouvoir s’orienter correctement et parler un même langage.

Le but du présent chapitre n’est pas de réaliser une description exhaustive de l’anatomie du rachis mais bien d’en présenter les caractéristiques essentielles du point de vue du clinicien afin de pouvoir juger de la normalité ou non du bilan d’imagerie. Cette lecture doit pouvoir s’effectuer sur la base des trois examens complémentaires aujourd’hui indispensables qui sont la radiographie, le CT-scan et l’IRM.

This Anatomy and Physiology I Histology Atlas helps students better understand the complex discipline of tissue histology with the use of interactive H5P activities. Students can reveal or hide illustration overlays drawn to help students visualize cell- and tissue-level structures.

This open access histology atlas was made possible through generous grant funding by The University System of Georgia through the Affordable Learning Georgia initiative: https://www.affordablelearninggeorgia.org/.