Only around 0.2-2.0% of the patient population will have detectable RBC antibodies -- fewer still will have multiplePatients more frequently exposed to RBC antigens are more likely to have antibodies (multiply transfused sickle cell adult patients ~47%)So you've mastered the type & screen and antibody panels... but what do you do if an antibody panel is inconclusive?Selected Cell Panels - select cells with minimal overlap of antigens; helpful for patients with a known history of an antibodyEnzyme-treated panels - destroy certain antigens and enhance expression of others; modify RBC surface by removing sialic acid residues and by denaturing or removing glycoproteinsExamples: ficin, papain, bromelin, trypsinOne-step enzyme method: enzymes utilized in place of enhancement media (instead of LISS or PEG)Two-step enzyme method: panel RBCs are treated with an enzyme first, then the antibody ID panel is done with treated cells; should compare reactivity to antibody ID panel of same cells without enzyme treatmentA special case seen in blood banking: Daratumumab ("Dara") patientsDaratumumab is a drug used in treatment of Multiple MyelomaPlasmacytoma or plasma cell cancer - plasma cells express CD 38~30k new cases, ~12.5k deaths per yearAnemia is a key symptom (with calcium levels, renal insufficiency, bone lesions)CD 38 is a cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase - with roles in calcium signalling & NAD metabolismExpressed on all cell types: notably Plasma cells and RBCsOne option for treating Multiple Myeloma is the drug Daratumumab: a monoclonal antibody IgG1K anti-CD 38; kills myeloma cells through patient's own immune responseWhat does this have to do with blood bank?CD38 is found on RBCs -- including screen and panel cells, in crossmatchesDara patients show PANAGGLUTINATION in all AHG testing - positive screen, panel, crossmatch, variable/weak positive DAT (at IgG)Multiple myeloma patients need frequent transfusions - increased chance of developing alloAbEnzyme treated panel case studyDara patient case study

This presentation aims to increase the students’ knowledge about environmental epidemiology, by introducing different study designs used to study health effects of exposure to outdoor air pollution. All study designs are illustrated by examples, starting with the Great Smog (Killer Fog) of London in 1952, one of the landmarks in environmental epidemiology.

Nearly one third of the world’s population are exposed to high levels of indoor air pollution from the household’s use of solid fuel. The fuel is mainly biomass burning under poor combustion conditions
in open fires or primitive stoves and with low ventilation. This costs more than 4 million lives every year and enormous suffering in particular among women and children.

What is air pollution? What is it in the air that is harmful? This lecture focuses on air pollution, where it occur, and how it spread.

In this presentation, we will describe the global levels and trends in major air pollutants and related health burden. Air pollution is an important global risk factor for disease. People who live in more polluted areas develop more often chronic and infectious disease and die prematurely as compared to people living in areas with low air pollution.

In large part of the World, people spend more than 90 percent of the time in indoor environments, where air quality is important for health. The environment outside the building, what goes on inside the building and the exchange of air pollutants affects the indoor air. Tight buildings can reduce energy consumption and entry of outdoor air pollutants, but unless ventilation is right indoor air pollutants from combustion processes, dampness, microbes, the dwellers bio effluents,
appliances, care and cleaning products, clothing, furniture, building materials, the underground and many other sources will build up indoors causing important health effects.

In this presentation, we will discuss how we can know whether one individual is more susceptible to harmful effect of air pollution than others are. Everyone is exposed, but some groups may be more susceptible to the harmful effect of air pollution than others may.

In this lecture, we will describe the mechanisms by which air pollution causes pulmonary health effects in the human population. The pulmonary health effects include exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), increased risk of lower
respiratory tracts infections and lung cancer.

In this presentation, we will describe the mechanisms by which air pollution causes health effects in other parts of the body than the lungs. In continuation of this, we will discuss the important mechanisms of extra pulmonary health effect.

There is a long way before the whole world complies with the WHO guidelines for air quality, but the enormous burden of disease from outdoor air pollution forces us to increase action to come as far as possible. In continuation of this, we will discuss what we can do about air pollution at global, international, national, city and individual levels. Most of the actions to reduce air pollution also mitigates climate change and/or promote health in other ways – so there are many win-win and
win-win-win situations

Short Description:
This book explores the topic of anxiety disorders. Including information on neuroscience, assessment, and intervention.

Long Description:
Anxiety disorders are one of the most common mental health disorders experienced by people in the United States. However, given their complexity, they are also one of the most misunderstood. While these disorders can be quite debilitating, appropriate assessment, diagnosis, and treatment planning are critical to the recovery process.

The chapters introduce the reader to a variety of topics. The chapters include introduction to anxiety and the nervous system, building blocks of anxiety, assessing anxiety, and cognitive and behavioral interventions. The chapters were written to build upon one another. Thus, skipping a chapter and jumping ahead can be problematic as the reader may have missed foundational material in the prior chapters.

I would like to acknowledge that as part of this open educational resource product, there were several mental health providers that peer-reviewed these chapters. I would like to extend a deep gratitude for their time, edits, and constructive feedback.

Word Count: 20017

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Open Stax

Short Description:
Welcome to Microbiology, an OpenStax resource. This textbook was written to increase student access to high-quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no cost. Data dashboard

Long Description:
Download for free at https://open.oregonstate.education/microbiology

Publication and on-going maintenance of this textbook is possible due to grant support from Oregon State University Ecampus.

Suggest a correction

Word Count: 147866

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This health education program explains alopecia including the different types of hair loss, the causes, and the treatment options. It also reviews normal hair growth. This resource is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.

Learn the basics of AMA referencing and how to use EndNote effectively with this style in this 10-15 minute, self-paced tutorial.

American Red Cross First Aid-CPR-AED Resources:Responding to Emergencies: Comprehensive First Aid, CPR, and AED. American Red Cross is the Author and publisher of these resource materials.

This patient education program explains amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's Disease) including the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options. This resource is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.

Le diagnostic est défini comme l’ensemble des mesures réalisées afin d’identifier la nature et la cause des pathologies. Cette recherche est par essence imparfaite et tout thérapeute visera, autant que faire se peut, à s’approcher au plus près du diagnostic. Dans ce processus, plusieurs modalités (anamnèse, examen clinique et examens complémentaires) seront nécessaires tout en restant insuffisantes - ou pour le moins imprécises - lorsqu’elles seront considérées de manière isolée. Au final, c’est la synthèse de ces données qui nous offrira la meilleure vision d’une pathologie nécessairement spécifique et individuelle. La médecine se trouve à mi-distance entre les sciences exactes et les sciences humaines. Certains la définissent aussi comme un art, c’est-à-dire comme une capacité individuelle qu’aurait chaque médecin à soigner. En partie en réaction avec cette idée, depuis une trentaine d’années, l’Evidence Based Medicine s’est progressivement imposée dans les parcours thérapeutiques en même temps qu’une multitude de nouveaux examens complémentaires. Cette évolution vers davantage de science se voit aujourd’hui modérée par un retour progressif à une prise en charge plus globale des patients et c’est probablement à mi-chemin que se trouvera la meilleure stratégie. L’avantage de cette méthode est appuyé par la littérature scientifique actuelle qui montre, chaque jour un peu plus, l’interconnexion des différentes pathologies là-même où nous aurions pensé les séparer par une frontière bien nette. La prise en charge du patient dans sa globalité est garantie par un interrogatoire et un examen clinique bien conduits. Eux seuls peuvent efficacement orienter la nécessité d’examens complémentaires dont la précision extrême reste limitée soit dans l’espace (une IRM lombaire ne couvre que quelques vertèbres…) soit par leur technologie (faible résolution spatiale de la scintigraphie...). La pathologie rachidienne est décrite, à cause de sa prévalence, comme la pathologie du siècle. Elle constitue un des premiers motifs de consultation. Son impact est important sur le plan socio-économique et sur le plan de la santé publique. En effet, en termes d’invalidité, les problèmes lombaires sont au premier plan, suivis par la dépression et les autres affections musculo-squelettiques. Le vieillissement de nos populations s’accompagne d’une augmentation des pathologies dégénératives - y compris rachidiennes - associant des symptômes d’enraidissement, de douleur, de déformation ou de déficit neurologique. Dans ce chapitre, nous nous efforcerons de mettre en lumière les éléments fondamentaux à recueillir dans le cadre d’une consultation en pathologie rachidienne. Il ne s’agit donc pas d’une description exhaustive de l’ensemble des techniques d’interrogatoire et d’examen clinique mais plutôt d’un recueil d’étapes nécessaires pour pouvoir s’orienter correctement et parler un même langage.

Short Description:
This textbook is designed to actively engage your exploration and critical analysis of human anatomical variation in an Australian and New Zealand context. Understanding anatomical variation is essential for all health professionals to avoid patient misdiagnosis such as confusing a natural variant with a pathology, minimise surgical or procedural errors that may occur if variations are unexpected, and ultimately improve patient outcomes by applying culturally safe practices. Research in anatomical variation has demonstrated significant differences in phenotypic expression of variants between and within geographic, ancestral and socioeconomic populations, as well as displaying significant variance between males and females. It is therefore critical as a health professional to understand anatomical variation in the context of the population you intend to practice in. This textbook compiles this critical information into an easy to read summary of the range and frequency of anatomical phenotypes in Australian and New Zealand patients by drawing from contemporary anatomical science research. Anatomical variation of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and Māori peoples has also been highlighted where research is available.

Long Description:
The anatomy of our outwardly facing physical appearance exhibits great diversity between individuals, from different eye, skin and hair colour to the size of our feet and our height. However, it is less known whether our anatomy differs beneath the surface… is the anatomy of the internal organs the same between individuals? Most textbooks would like you to think so with simplified standard descriptions of human anatomy such as the lung lobes and fissures, aortic arch branches and bone numbers. But this eBook is different. Here we build your understanding of the scope and clinical importance of human anatomical variation to improve your clinical skills as a health professional or biomedical scientist.

Anatomical variation is described as the differences in macroscopic morphology (shape and size), topography (location), developmental timing or frequency (number) of an anatomical structure between individuals. It presents during embryological or subadult development and results in no substantive observable interruption to physiological function. Every organ displays an array of anatomical phenotypes, and for these reasons the anatomy of each person is considered a variant. Understanding anatomical variation is essential for all health professionals to avoid patient misdiagnosis such as confusing a natural variant with a pathology, minimise surgical or procedural errors that may occur if variations are unexpected, and ultimately improve patient outcomes by applying culturally safe practices.

This textbook is designed to actively engage your exploration and critical analysis of human anatomical variation in an Australian and New Zealand context. Research in anatomical variation has demonstrated significant differences in phenotypic expression of variants between and within geographic, ancestral and socioeconomic populations, as well as displaying significant variance between males and females. It is therefore critical as a health professional to understand anatomical variation in the context of the population you intend to practice in. This textbook compiles this critical information into an easy to read summary of the range and frequency of anatomical phenotypes in Australian and New Zealand patients by drawing from contemporary anatomical science research. Anatomical variation of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and Māori peoples has also been highlighted where research is available.

The textbook is organised to complement your health science studies by developing your depth of understanding to address three critical themes in anatomical variation: Theme 1: Categorise and describe a range of anatomical variation within the human body. Theme 2: Theorise the implications of anatomical variation on patient outcomes and in professional contexts. Theme 3: Investigate the process of anatomical variation formation and its potential causes.

Each chapter employs a multimodal and active learning approach using text and video summaries of key information, checkpoint quizzes, interactive images, clinical and professional discussion activities, and recommended readings. In this way, the activities in this textbook can be easily embedded into existing health science curricula to strengthen anatomical variation understanding in all health professional courses.

Word Count: 31978

ISBN: 978-1-925553-51-2

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Short Description:
This textbook is designed to actively engage your exploration and critical analysis of human anatomical variation in an Australian and New Zealand context. Understanding anatomical variation is essential for all health professionals to avoid patient misdiagnosis such as confusing a natural variant with a pathology, minimise surgical or procedural errors that may occur if variations are unexpected, and ultimately improve patient outcomes by applying culturally safe practices. Research in anatomical variation has demonstrated significant differences in phenotypic expression of variants between and within geographic, ancestral and socioeconomic populations, as well as displaying significant variance between males and females. It is therefore critical as a health professional to understand anatomical variation in the context of the population you intend to practice in. This textbook compiles this critical information into an easy to read summary of the range and frequency of anatomical phenotypes in Australian and New Zealand patients by drawing from contemporary anatomical science research. Anatomical variation of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and Māori peoples has also been highlighted where research is available.

Long Description:
The anatomy of our outwardly facing physical appearance exhibits great diversity between individuals, from different eye, skin and hair colour to the size of our feet and our height. However, it is less known whether our anatomy differs beneath the surface… is the anatomy of the internal organs the same between individuals? Most textbooks would like you to think so with simplified standard descriptions of human anatomy such as the lung lobes and fissures, aortic arch branches and bone numbers. But this eBook is different. Here we build your understanding of the scope and clinical importance of human anatomical variation to improve your clinical skills as a health professional or biomedical scientist.

Anatomical variation is described as the differences in macroscopic morphology (shape and size), topography (location), developmental timing or frequency (number) of an anatomical structure between individuals. It presents during embryological or subadult development and results in no substantive observable interruption to physiological function. Every organ displays an array of anatomical phenotypes, and for these reasons the anatomy of each person is considered a variant. Understanding anatomical variation is essential for all health professionals to avoid patient misdiagnosis such as confusing a natural variant with a pathology, minimise surgical or procedural errors that may occur if variations are unexpected, and ultimately improve patient outcomes by applying culturally safe practices.

This textbook is designed to actively engage your exploration and critical analysis of human anatomical variation in an Australian and New Zealand context. Research in anatomical variation has demonstrated significant differences in phenotypic expression of variants between and within geographic, ancestral and socioeconomic populations, as well as displaying significant variance between males and females. It is therefore critical as a health professional to understand anatomical variation in the context of the population you intend to practice in. This textbook compiles this critical information into an easy to read summary of the range and frequency of anatomical phenotypes in Australian and New Zealand patients by drawing from contemporary anatomical science research. Anatomical variation of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and Māori peoples has also been highlighted where research is available.

The textbook is organised to complement your health science studies by developing your depth of understanding to address three critical themes in anatomical variation: Theme 1: Categorise and describe a range of anatomical variation within the human body. Theme 2: Theorise the implications of anatomical variation on patient outcomes and in professional contexts. Theme 3: Investigate the process of anatomical variation formation and its potential causes.

Each chapter employs a multimodal and active learning approach using text and video summaries of key information, checkpoint quizzes, interactive images, clinical and professional discussion activities, and recommended readings. In this way, the activities in this textbook can be easily embedded into existing health science curricula to strengthen anatomical variation understanding in all health professional courses.

Word Count: 31376

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Le but du présent chapitre n’est pas de réaliser une description exhaustive de l’anatomie du rachis mais bien d’en présenter les caractéristiques essentielles du point de vue du clinicien afin de pouvoir juger de la normalité ou non du bilan d’imagerie. Cette lecture doit pouvoir s’effectuer sur la base des trois examens complémentaires aujourd’hui indispensables qui sont la radiographie, le CT-scan et l’IRM.