Anatomy and Physiology is a dynamic textbook for the two-semester human anatomy and physiology course for life science and allied health majors. The book is organized by body system and covers standard scope and sequence requirements. Its lucid text, strategically constructed art, career features, and links to external learning tools address the critical teaching and learning challenges in the course. The web-based version of Anatomy and Physiology also features links to surgical videos, histology, and interactive diagrams.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Human gut microbes are critical for maintaining the integrity of the GI tract, immune system homeostasis, and host energy metabolism. Alterations in this network can have health consequences, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Antibiotic treatment compromises the composition of the gut microbiome, affecting microbial function and resulting in long-lasting detrimental effects on the host. A recent study examined how different antibiotics affect the ability of gut microbes to control intestinal inflammation. Researchers treated mice with antibiotics prior to fecal microbiota transplantation. They found that antibiotic pre-treatment significantly altered the ability of the microbiota to control intestinal inflammation. Streptomycin- and vancomycin-treated microbes failed to control inflammation, and pathobionts associated with IBD thrived. In contrast, microbes treated with metronidazole were able to control inflammation, and beneficial microbial species were enriched..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Antimicrobials are commonly used in agriculture and are important for animal health. This use drives most of the antimicrobial use globally and has led to an increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), including resistance to antimicrobials that are critical in human medicine. Researchers recently examined the AMR profiles of over 400 pigs, including wild boars, Tibetan pigs, and commercial pigs, under multiple rearing modes. They identified over a thousand potential antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) sequences that belonged to 69 different drug resistance classes. From this dataset a few patterns emerged. Tetracycline resistance was the most enriched, but aminoglycoside resistance had the most unique ARGs. Farm-reared pigs had higher AMR levels than semi-free-range pigs or wild boars..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In the human gut, a subpopulation of the microbiome belonging to Archaea produces methane through fermentation. Increased methane production is associated with gastrointestinal discomfort and disorders, and 20% of the healthy Western population exhales high methane levels, indicating high gut methane production. However, the mechanisms and health effects are unclear. To learn more, a recent study analysed 100 healthy young adults who were divided into high methane emitters and low methane emitters according to breath analysis. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the microbiomes of high and low emitters had different diversity levels and different compositions. Notably, the relative abundance of the archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii was 1000-fold higher in high emitters than in low emitters, and M. smithii in the high emitters co-occurred with dietary fiber-degrading bacteria, including Ruminococcaceae and Christensenellaceae..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

The cecum is a blind ending diverticulum of the large intestine and it exists at the junction of the ileum and the ascending colon. Its size and physiological importance varies between species. It is a site of microbial fermentation, absorption and transportation.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The composition of the gut microbiome is affected by diet as well as obesity, which can itself be diet-related, but the comparative influences of these factors are unclear. To explore the complex interactions among diet, obesity, and gut microbes, researchers examined female monkeys fed either a Western or Mediterranean diet. Metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples revealed that diet was the main contributor to gut bacterial diversity. Compared with the Western diet group, the Mediterranean diet group had greater overall diversity and different abundance of 54 bacterial species. Within each diet group, leaner and heavier monkeys also had subtly different microbiomes. Interestingly, the Western diet-fed group had more Prevotella copri and had high-P. copri and low-P. copri subgroups. High-P. copri monkeys had lower diversity than low-P. copri monkeys and different proportions of some microbes. Untargeted metabolomics of urine and plasma also suggested that the high-P..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

The digestive system is amazing: it takes the foods we eat and breaks them into smaller components that our body can use for energy, cell repair and growth. This lesson introduces students to the main parts of the digestive system and how they interact. In addition, students learn about some of the challenges astronauts face when trying to eat in outer space.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"When weight loss attempts fail, people sometimes turn to surgery. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is a last-resort treatment that alters gut architecture to cause substantial and sustained weight loss. The surgery alters the intestinal microbiota in the patient, which affects nutrient absorption. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to separate the effects from the surgery from those of the weight loss it causes. In a recent study, researchers used a rat model of gastric bypass to measure the changes in the resident gut microbes. They compared rats after surgery to weight-matched partners that didn’t receive surgery. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metaproteomics revealed that the overall diversity of microbes decreased following surgery. Interestingly, changes varied by location, and the proportion of certain bacteria increased while others decreased. Metabolism-related changes were also seen in the gut microbes, including changes in amino acid and bile acid metabolism..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The intestinal epithelium constantly regenerates to maintain its barrier function, so intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are crucial to a healthy gut. Diet affects ISC activity both directly, by providing energy and metabolic substrates, and indirectly, by altering the gut microbiota, which can modulate inflammation and change epithelial structure. Gut microbes rely on dietary fiber as their main energy source, and specifically, soluble fiber is required for the production of microbiota-derived metabolites such as vitamins. Studies have shown benefits of soluble fiber consumption, but not all types of soluble fiber are well tolerated, and it's unclear which effects are direct (acting on ISCs) versus indirect (acting on the microbiota). To find out, researchers used mouse models, histochemistry, host-cell transcriptomics, and 16S microbiome analysis to examine the effects of the soluble fiber inulin on the gut..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The gut microbiota plays a critical role in various human cancers. But how can these microbes affect cancers that develop relatively far from the gut? In the case of prostate cancer, new research points to the use of antibiotics. Antibiotics are known to cause gut dysbiosis, which is associated with multiple disorders. In mice with prostate cancer, researchers found that gut dysbiosis caused by antibiotics was linked to tumor growth. Mice given broad-spectrum antibiotics (Abx) showed increased tumor growth compared to control mice (NC). Antibiotics exposure also increased Proteobacteria abundance in mouse guts, a sign of dysbiosis. The mechanism behind these findings could be a leaky gut. Under dysbiosis, a leaky gut barrier allowed the release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) – an inflammation-inducing factor – into the circulation, which then reached the prostate tumor..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Alterations to the microbial communities that live in our gut are being linked to various diseases But researchers are only beginning to understand these links Although mouse models have proven incredibly useful, they suffer from a major drawback Laboratory mice have a persistent tendency to re-introduce microbes into their bodies when they ingest feces -- a behavior known as coprophagy A new study shows that this habit can dramatically re-shape the upper gut microbiome and its function Researchers fit mice with special “tail cups” to prevent coprophagy They then compared the microbiomes of these non-coprophagic mice with the microbiomes of standard (coprophagic) lab mice The differences were striking Compared with conventional, coprophagic mice, non-coprophagic mice showed patterns more similar to those found in the human small intestine including lower microbiota density fewer microbes intolerant to oxygen and a higher ratio of conjugated bile acids, which are important for digesting fats.."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In the US and east Asia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects at least a quarter of the population. This disease is the manifestation of metabolic syndrome in the liver and can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The gut microbiome is likely a contributing factor in NAFLD development and progression. Recently, researchers sought to identify the mechanisms that link the two together. They used a high-fat/fructose/cholesterol diet (HFC) to induce NALFD-like symptoms in mice and found that adding the prebiotic inulin to their diet ameliorated these symptoms. Inulin-fed mice had global changes to their microbiome, particularly elevated levels of the bacterial groups Bacteroides and Blautia. Inulin supplementation also increased their gut concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, like acetate. Further experiments found that species from Bacteroides and Blautia had a synergistic effect on acetate production..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Wastewater treatment plants are a critical piece of infrastructure that depend on microbes, both resident and incoming. Incoming microbes can be beneficial but may include parasites that need to be removed. Resident microbes, meanwhile, help break down organic waste. While much is known about bacteria in wastewater treatment plants, eukaryotes are frequently overlooked. Recently, researchers examined the whole microbiome of 10 wastewater treatment plants in Switzerland. They utilized metagenomics to measure which microbes were present and metatranscriptomics to analyze their activity. Bacteria were the most numerous— but eukaryotes, particularly protists, showed the most activity, and there was a surprising number and range of active parasites, which were particularly prevalent in the inflow. Network analysis suggested predation by resident microbes likely helped remove parasites..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The beneficial microbes that live in and on us play many important roles in our health. In mammals, these microbial communities are assembled after birth, particularly before weaning. Intestinal microbes do more than just help digest food or produce metabolites. They also contribute to the development of organ structures and the immune system. To better understand this process, researchers used mice with a specifically constructed, simplified gut microbiome. Mice without a microbiome, called germ-free, have significantly impaired immunity, but giving these adult mice a simple microbiome of 14 strains was enough for them to establish an immune response. The addition of microbes stimulated maturation of the intestinal blood vessel system and activated both innate and adaptive immunity..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Inflammatory bowel diseases, which include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by chronic gut inflammation. Such inflammation can be prevented by balanced communication between the microbiome and the immune system. The protein TLR4 is known to mediate microbiome–immune communication, but its influence on colon inflammation is unclear. To learn more, researchers recently compared colitis susceptibility between normal mice and mice lacking TLR4. The TLR4-deficient mice were more susceptible to chemically induced colitis and RNA sequencing showed that the TLR4-deficient mice had markedly lower levels of the gut microbe Akkermansia muciniphila. Additional experiments revealed that A. muciniphila helped prevent colitis by upregulating immune responses involving regulatory T cells expressing the protein RORγt. Examination of human gut biopsies confirmed that TLR4 is positively associated with gut A. muciniphila colonization under healthy conditions..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Chemotherapeutic drugs can be a necessary part of cancer treatment, but side effects remain a major concern. Intestinal mucositis is an adverse effect of chemotherapy medicine that causes digestive distress. Although efforts have been made to minimize the effects of chemotherapy on the gut, more effective preventive measures are needed. A recent study examined the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on intestinal function in patients receiving chemotherapy. Following up on their previous observation that an algae byproduct, alginate oligosaccharides (AOS), can increase beneficial gut microbes in mice, researchers treated healthy mice with AOS before transplanting their fecal microbes to mice treated with chemotherapeutics. They found that microbes from AOS-treated mice improved small intestine function better than microbes from control mice. Beneficial microbes were increased after transplantation, resulting in increased blood metabolites from digestion..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Age brings with it many chronic conditions related to tissue decline and inflammation. The functions of our intestinal barrier, brain, and eyes can all be affected by changes in our gut microbiota which occur with ageing. However, we don’t yet know if age-related changes to the microbiome cause any of the observed changes in other tissues. To close this gap, researchers used fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) between mice of different ages. They found that transfer of gut microbiota from aged donor mice to young mice induced inflammation in the gut, brain and retina. Intestinal permeability was increased, and the brain showed microglial activation in these aged-to-young FMT recipients. The retinas of recipients also showed altered cytokine signalling and loss of a key protein important for normal vision, thus identifying a role for gut microbiota in regulating eye health..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Growing up with siblings has many impacts on a child’s development and health, and previous studies suggest that this includes influencing their beneficial microbial communities. But a recent study examined these impacts directly, assessing the airway and gut microbiotas of nearly 700 children. In the COPSAC2010 cohort, the researchers followed the children from one week to six years of age. and found that the presence of siblings was among the most important factors influencing the composition of both microbial communities. This effect was most apparent in the first year of life, and while the number of older siblings had an impact, the age gap to the closest older sibling was a much stronger influence. It has previously been suggested that the microbial impact of siblings may reduce the incidence of ‘atopic diseases’ like asthma, allergy, and eczema, and in this study, having a sibling-influenced gut microbiota at one year old corresponded to reduced risk of asthma at six years old..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.