This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Some proteins are central to many cell signaling processes. One of these key molecules is AKT2. An important kinase involved in cell survival, growth, and metabolism, it has ties to insulin-induced signaling and cancer. AKT2 has a critical role in immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages; however, although AKT2 is expressed in antibody-producing immune cells called B cells, its function in B cells isn’t clear. In a recent study, researchers sought to understand the role of AKT2 in B cells using AKT2-deficient mice. They found that mice lacking AKT2 had impaired B-cell differentiation. B cells from these mice were not able to form a cluster of molecules called a signalosome in response to B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, resulting in poor BCR signaling and impaired B cell activation and spreading. These results suggest that as a central orchestrator of signaling, AKT2 function is critical for proper BCR signaling and B cell development, ensuring a functional antibody-mediated immune response..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"New research suggests that a low-calorie diet might help reverse symptoms of type 2 diabetes in men with obesity. The findings of the study add to a growing body of evidence indicating that diabetes is a reversible condition. Authors of the study looked at 18 men in South Africa who were over the age of 35, had class III obesity, and were on insulin treatment for diabetes. The participants were randomized to one of two groups: one followed a commercially available low-fat, low-calorie diet consisting of vegetables and a vegetable-soup-based meal plan; while the control group received a calorie-restricted meal plan. All participants were encouraged to engage in physical activity according to their abilities and to visit a counseling psychologist at least once a month. Over the course of 6 months, the team tracked the men’s levels of blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin, or HbA1c—using those measures to establish diabetes status..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain how hormones regulate the excretory systemDiscuss the role of hormones in the reproductive systemDescribe how hormones regulate metabolismExplain the role of hormones in different diseases

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe how feedback inhibition would affect the production of an intermediate or product in a pathwayIdentify the mechanism that controls the rate of the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In many cell types, growth factor stimulation triggers the formation of structures called circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs). CDRs are large, rounded ruffles on the upper cell membrane that serve as platforms for PI3K–PIP3–AKT protein signaling and probably play a role in cell growth. CDRs are present in some types of cancer cells, but it’s unclear whether they contribute to cancer development. To find out, researchers recently treated six cancer cell lines and one normal cell line with two growth factors: epidermal growth factor and insulin. Both growth factors induced CDR formation in the Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma line, but not in normal liver cells, other hepatocellular carcinoma cells, breast cancer cells, or pancreatic cancer cells. Closer analysis confirmed that growth factor receptor proteins were recruited to the CDRs and that the PI3K–PIP3–AKT pathway was activated at the ruffles..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This patient education program explains what diabetes is, the signs and symptoms, treatment options, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, complications, and management of the disease. This resource is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.

This presentation provides an introduction to the islet hormones effects on various target tissues. Insulin is such a hormone, and in continuation of this, we’ll talk about the insulin receptor signaling. Furthermore we’ll talk about liver cells, fat cells, Lipogenesis, Insulin dose-response curves, C-peptide, Glucagon and glucagon producing tumor.

Course responsible: Associate Professor Signe Sørensen Torekov, MD Nicolai Wewer Albrechtsen & Professor Jens Juul Holst

This presentation focus' on glucose and insulin, and how these are integrated in the intact organism, in continuation of this we’ll talk about, insulin and glucagon secretion, hepatic glucose production and plasma glucose concentrations. The purpose of this is to get an understanding of what happens in the body when you have type 2 diabetes. Furthermore we’ll talk about the possibility of developing an glucagon receptor antagonist, regarding the therapy of diabetes.

Course responsible: Associate Professor Signe Sørensen Torekov, MD Nicolai Wewer Albrechtsen & Professor Jens Juul Holst

This presentation provides an introduction to The Edmonton Protocol, which was published back in year 2000 from University of Edmonton. In continuation of this, we’ll talk about insulin injections and hypoglycemia.

Course responsible: Associate Professor Signe Sørensen Torekov, MD Nicolai Wewer Albrechtsen & Professor Jens Juul Holst

This presentation discusses the possibility of finding a cure for type 1 diabetes, and hereby developing a product, that maintains a normal blood glucose level without insulin treatment. In continuation of this, we’ll provide an introduction to beta cell replacement therapy based on The Edmonton Protocol, however we’ll be focusing on relying on stem cell technology rather than that of organ donor islets. Furthermore we’ll discuss how we can combine an encapsulation strategy, so we can avoid the use of immuno-suppression.

Course responsible: Associate Professor Signe Sørensen Torekov, MD Nicolai Wewer Albrechtsen & Professor Jens Juul Holst

This presentation discuss the new antidiabetic agents. We have the incretin based therapy which include two groups of drugs, DDP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonist. Furthermore we’ll provide an introduction to the hormones GLP-1 and GIP and their effect on insulin.

Course responsible: Associate Professor Signe Sørensen Torekov, MD Nicolai Wewer Albrechtsen & Professor Jens Juul Holst

This patient education program explains how diabetes affects eyesight, specifically the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. It also reviews eye anatomy, other eye problems, and their treatment. This resource is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.

This patient education program explains what diabetes is, the signs and symptoms, treatment options, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, complications, and management of the disease. This resource is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.

This presentation talks about which role exercise plays in developing diabetes. We will describe what happens in the body when we exercise, and why these changes help us prevent and treat diabetes. In continuation of this we’ll talk about the interaction between insulin, glucose and muscle cells and how we through exercise, can change our health. Furthermore we’ll discuss how lifestyle can affect one’s future children in terms of developing diabetes later on.

Narrator: Richard Steed.