Students play the boardgame Robot Turtles again, this time focusing on puzzles whose solutions involve lots of repeated steps.
Students create “functions” using sets of cards and use the Function Frog card to call their functions. They consider named functions and name their own functions.
Students reflect on what functions are, why programmers use them, and how functions are different from loops.

Students continue working on their cities in their collaborative groups, focusing on using loops and stamping to build buildings.
The class discusses the importance of the cycle of iterative development: testing and revising, testing and revising.
Students end the session by reflecting on what sort of feedback they might like from other groups about their project.

This classroom activity for high school students uses a collection of Hubble Space Telescope images of galaxies in the Coma Cluster. Students study galaxy classification and the evolution of galaxies in dense clustered environments.

This resource introduces the concept of wind chill, the formula used to measure it and relates it to the causes of hypothermia. A simple experiment using a pie pan, sand, fan and a thermometer demonstrates this concept. The resource is from PUMAS - Practical Uses of Math and Science - a collection of brief examples created by scientists and engineers showing how math and science topics taught in K-12 classes have real world applications.

In this demonstration, students experience the Doppler effect for sound. Students can compute the frequency change for motion along the line of sight (LOS) and determine the vector LOS component for motions not exactly on it. A buzzer, battery, bicycle wheel, string and a rubber ball and a timer are needed for the demonstration. The resource is from PUMAS - Practical Uses of Math and Science - a collection of brief examples created by scientists and engineers showing how math and science topics taught in K-12 classes have real world applications.

This course examines the history, techniques, and aesthetics of mechanical and computer-aided approaches to algorithmic music composition and generative music systems. Through creative hands-on projects, readings, listening assignments, and lectures, students will explore a variety of historical and contemporary approaches. Diverse tools and systems will be employed, including applications in Python, MIDI, Csound, SuperCollider, and Pure Data.

Any user should ensure they read the GNU Free Documentation license in its entirety.

This course is a broad introduction to a host of sensor technologies, illustrated by applications drawn from human-computer interfaces and ubiquitous computing. After extensively reviewing electronics for sensor signal conditioning, the lectures cover the principles and operation of a variety of sensor architectures and modalities, including pressure, strain, displacement, proximity, thermal, electric and magnetic field, optical, acoustic, RF, inertial, and bioelectric. Simple sensor processing algorithms and wired and wireless network standards are also discussed. Students are required to complete written assignments, a set of laboratories, and a final project.

Students explore examples of interactive storytelling, examining their use of expression, emotion, repetition, and context.
Students visit a Scratch Studio of examples of interactive storytelling and see that Scratch is used by students around the world to create interactive stories.
Students reflect on how interactive storytelling is different from other forms of creative expression and reflect on how they might use Scratch to express themselves creatively

Students follow the instructor’s tutorial to make animal sprites move across the screen in wild patterns. This requires using Scratch’s coordinates system to control the x and y coordinates of the sprites.
Students encounter the coordinate plane background, and try out their knowledge by identifying areas of the screen using only coordinate numbers.
Sprite movement using coordinates will be central to the final coding project at the end of the unit.

Students respond to their peer feedback, then they work in their collaborative groups to make revisions based on that feedback.
Students ask for help with places where they are stuck or need help debugging.
Students reflect on the finishing touches they want to put on their cities.

Students will be introduced to the Build My City project, which is the final project of the unit. The teacher will present a demo project to students and explain the design requirements and expectations.
Students will review key programming concepts that will be used in their Build My City projects, by looking at the code of an example project.
Students will meet in their project groups and use storyboarding to develop their ideas for their city.

In this lesson students will learn about the human demands of freshwater and how clean drinking water is being impacted. Students will analyze the issues of cause and effect between human activities and water sustainability. Students will demonstrate this knowledge by create a presentation illustrating the effects of human activities on water resources.

In this lab, students will train three simple neural networks using the AP Gridworld software and a perceptron neural network. The lab culminates when students have trained an autonomous car to drive around simple cars without crashing.

Students write code using symbols to produce “graph paper” pixel art, first practicing as a class, then in pairs or groups.
The groups will trade instructions with each other and try following them to draw a picture.
Students get familiar with the concept of “stamping” an image on the page or the screen, and if there is time, students use loops to reduce the complexity of their programs. These concepts will be important in their final coding project at the end of the unit.

Students compare different types of code: symbolic code, pseudocode, block-based code, and text-based code.
Students write code to instruct their classmates to assemble stacks of cups in various configurations. First, they write symbolic code and then move on to pseudocode.
Students are challenged to write loops in pseudocode, and if there is time, they are further challenged to write named functions.
Loops and block-based code will be used in the unit’s final project, and the movement of the cups is similar to how “sprite” objects will move in the programs they will write.

Students will explore the various types of loops available in Scratch, by creating musical programs.
The instructor presents a Scratch project with examples of short music loop scripts. Students examine the different types of loops used, and then build their own songs using the same kinds of loops and sounds.
Students reflect on why programmers use loops and the benefits they offer.
Loops— particularly nested loops—will be important in their final coding project at the end of the unit.

Students follow a tutorial to create a Scratch program that uses stamping, colors, loops, and events to create a compelling visual program.
Students experiment with using Scratch’s system of numbered colors and with using the stamp block to stamp images of the sprite on the stage.
Students experience the need for code to initialize their program when it starts, and they will write code to do that.
By the end of the lesson, students will have created an interactive, colorful program that responds to the mouse pointer.
Scratch’s color effects, stamping, and sprite movement will be important in the final coding project at the end of the unit.

The class discusses expectations for pair and group programming, and how to make students’ collaborative teams work.
The instructor reviews the design requirements for the Build My City project and makes clear the steps that students should take towards the project goals in this working session.
Students begin by remixing the Build My City starter project and have their first working session using Scratch to create their Build My City projects.

Students plan their final working session together, then work in their project groups to make final changes, test their projects, and check their project against the design requirements.
Students reflect on what they want people to understand when they view their cities.