Device and circuit level optimization of digital building blocks. MOS and bipolar device models and second order effects. Circuit design styles and arithmetic structures. Estimation and minimization of energy consumption. Interconnect models and parasitics; driver design; timing issues (clock skew, self-timed circuits, etc.). Memory architectures, circuits (sense amplifiers) and devices. Testing of integrated circuits. Extensive use of circuit layout and SPICE in design projects and software labs.