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Analyzing Findings
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By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain what a correlation coefficient tells us about the relationship between variablesRecognize that correlation does not indicate a cause-and-effect relationship between variablesDiscuss our tendency to look for relationships between variables that do not really existExplain random sampling and assignment of participants into experimental and control groupsDiscuss how experimenter or participant bias could affect the results of an experimentIdentify independent and dependent variables

Subject:
Psychology
Social Science
Material Type:
Module
Author:
Melinda Boland
Date Added:
01/12/2018
Assessment in Practice
Unrestricted Use
CC BY
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This workbook forms the basis of a Professional Graduate Certificate Module in Assessment.It offers a comprehensive collection of materials and activities in the realm of assessment.Please note: supplemental worksheets to accompany this are also available.

Subject:
Arts and Humanities
Business and Communication
Education
Higher Education
Material Type:
Activity/Lab
Assessment
Teaching/Learning Strategy
Provider:
University College Dublin
Provider Set:
UCD Teaching and Learning
Author:
David Jennings
Date Added:
05/01/2013
Bias
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Systematic error, or 'bias' is of particular importance in any epidemiological investigation, and should be avoided wherever possible. Biases will reduce the validity of any results obtained, whether it be by overestimating or underestimating the frequency of disease in a population or the association between an exposure and disease. The forms of bias covered here can only be minimised through careful study design and execution - they cannot be accounted for in the analysis. Although confounding is considered by many authors as a form of bias, it can be accounted for during analysis, and so is covered separately.

Subject:
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
WikiVet
Provider Set:
Veterinary Epidemiology
Date Added:
02/27/2015
Emotional Intelligence
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CC BY-NC-SA
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In this module, we review the construct of emotional intelligence by examining its underlying theoretical model, measurement tools, validity, and applications in real-world settings. We use empirical research from the past few decades to support and discuss competing definitions of emotional intelligence and possible future directions for the field.

Subject:
Psychology
Social Science
Material Type:
Module
Provider:
Diener Education Fund
Provider Set:
Noba
Author:
Marc Brackett
Peter Salovey
Sarah Delaney,
Date Added:
10/28/2022
Empirical Research Methods
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CC BY-NC-SA
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The main topics of study considered in light of the above learning outcomes are:Research philosophy (e.g. positivism, empiricism, naturalism)Formulating empirical research questions and conceptual research modelsCausality effects and relationshipsValidity and ReliabilityScales of measurement (e.g. nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)Sampling methods (e.g. experiment, survey, observations) and measure instruments (e.g. Likert scales, semantic differential, event versus time sampling)Experimental design (e.g. within and between-subjects, factorial design, counter-balancing, Latin square)Biases in empirical research approaches (e.g. confounding variables, statistical power)Data preparation (e.g. standardization of data, reliability analysis, Inter-rater reliability)Hypothesis testing, t-test, (M)ANOVA, correlation, regression analysisNon-parametric approaches to data analysis

Subject:
Applied Science
Material Type:
Lecture Notes
Reading
Provider:
Delft University of Technology
Provider Set:
Delft University OpenCourseWare
Author:
Dr.Ir. W.P. Brinkman
Date Added:
07/21/2011
Introduction to Sociology 2e
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CC BY
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Introduction to Sociology 2e adheres to the scope and sequence of a typical, one-semester introductory sociology course. It offers comprehensive coverage of core concepts, foundational scholars, and emerging theories, which are supported by a wealth of engaging learning materials. The textbook presents detailed section reviews with rich questions, discussions that help students apply their knowledge, and features that draw learners into the discipline in meaningful ways. The second edition retains the book’s conceptual organization, aligning to most courses, and has been significantly updated to reflect the latest research and provide examples most relevant to today’s students. In order to help instructors transition to the revised version, the 2e changes are described within the preface.

Subject:
Social Science
Sociology
Material Type:
Full Course
Provider:
Rice University
Provider Set:
OpenStax College
Date Added:
02/01/2012
Introduction to Sociology 2e, Sociological Research, Approaches to Sociological Research
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CC BY
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Define and describe the scientific methodExplain how the scientific method is used in sociological researchUnderstand the function and importance of an interpretive frameworkDefine what reliability and validity mean in a research study

Subject:
Social Science
Sociology
Material Type:
Module
Date Added:
11/15/2016
Investigating Bias and Measurement Validity
Read the Fine Print
Some Rights Reserved
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The goal of this exercise is to use triangulation to investigate bias and measurement validity in parents/teachers evaluations of student health and learning. 

Subject:
Education
Mathematics
Material Type:
Lesson
Provider:
TeachingWithData.org
Provider Set:
TeachingWithData.org
Author:
ICPSR
Date Added:
11/07/2014
The New Nordic Diet - From Gastronomy to Health - SHOPUS - A Model for Improving Validity of Nutritional Intervention Studies Part 2 - The Results (10:52)
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In this presentation, we will go through some of the very interesting results and our preliminary interpretation of the data from the SHOPUS project. Furthermore, we will talk about how using the shop model made it possible to achieve a very high compliance to the New Nordic Diet and the control diet (average Danish diet) and how to obtain the expected differences in food intake between those two study diets.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Life Science
Nutrition
Material Type:
Lecture
Provider:
University of Copenhagen
Provider Set:
The New Nordic Diet - From Gastronomy to Health
Author:
Associate Professor Thomas Meinert Larseb
Date Added:
01/07/2014
Psychology
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CC BY
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Psychology is designed to meet scope and sequence requirements for the single-semester introduction to psychology course. The book offers a comprehensive treatment of core concepts, grounded in both classic studies and current and emerging research. The text also includes coverage of the DSM-5 in examinations of psychological disorders. Psychology incorporates discussions that reflect the diversity within the discipline, as well as the diversity of cultures and communities across the globe.Senior Contributing AuthorsRose M. Spielman, Formerly of Quinnipiac UniversityContributing AuthorsKathryn Dumper, Bainbridge State CollegeWilliam Jenkins, Mercer UniversityArlene Lacombe, Saint Joseph's UniversityMarilyn Lovett, Livingstone CollegeMarion Perlmutter, University of Michigan

Subject:
Psychology
Social Science
Material Type:
Full Course
Provider:
Rice University
Provider Set:
OpenStax College
Date Added:
02/14/2014
Psychology, Psychological Research, Analyzing Findings
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CC BY-NC
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By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain what a correlation coefficient tells us about the relationship between variablesRecognize that correlation does not indicate a cause-and-effect relationship between variablesDiscuss our tendency to look for relationships between variables that do not really existExplain random sampling and assignment of participants into experimental and control groupsDiscuss how experimenter or participant bias could affect the results of an experimentIdentify independent and dependent variables

Subject:
Psychology
Social Science
Material Type:
Module
Date Added:
07/10/2017
Reliability & Validity in Selection Methods
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CC BY-NC
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By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain what a correlation coefficient tells us about the relationship between variablesRecognize that correlation does not indicate a cause-and-effect relationship between variablesDiscuss our tendency to look for relationships between variables that do not really existRecognize how correlations coefficients tell us about the relationships between variables specific to selection methods.

Subject:
Psychology
Social Science
Material Type:
Reading
Author:
Melanie Reed
Date Added:
09/18/2020
Sampling
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1). Identify the sampling method used in a study and discuss its implications and potential limitations.
2). Critically evaluate the reliability and validity of results published in mainstream media.
3). Summarize and describe the distribution of a categorical variable in context.

Subject:
Mathematics
Statistics and Probability
Material Type:
Module
Provider:
Carnegie Mellon University
Provider Set:
Open Learning Initiative
Date Added:
12/29/2017
The Weak Spots in Contemporary Science (and How to Fix Them)
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CC BY
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In this review, the author discusses several of the weak spots in contemporary science, including scientific misconduct, the problems of post hoc hypothesizing (HARKing), outcome switching, theoretical bloopers in formulating research questions and hypotheses, selective reading of the literature, selective citing of previous results, improper blinding and other design failures, p-hacking or researchers’ tendency to analyze data in many different ways to find positive (typically significant) results, errors and biases in the reporting of results, and publication bias. The author presents some empirical results highlighting problems that lower the trustworthiness of reported results in scientific literatures, including that of animal welfare studies. Some of the underlying causes of these biases are discussed based on the notion that researchers are only human and hence are not immune to confirmation bias, hindsight bias, and minor ethical transgressions. The author discusses solutions in the form of enhanced transparency, sharing of data and materials, (post-publication) peer review, pre-registration, registered reports, improved training, reporting guidelines, replication, dealing with publication bias, alternative inferential techniques, power, and other statistical tools.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Reading
Provider:
Animals
Author:
Jelte M. Wicherts
Date Added:
08/07/2020