This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The gut microbiome interacts intimately with its human host, both in health and in disease. A recent study examined how different states of the gut microbiome might be linked to varying degrees of disease in rats. Researchers exposed rats to different concentrations of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), a polysaccharide known to induce human-like colitis. The effects on the intestinal microbiome over time were tracked by gene profiling. The results provide some of the first experimental evidence of “alternative states” in the rat intestinal ecosystem. These are distinct microbial profiles related to markers of disease. Importantly, these alternative states were found to be tied to both the host and microbiome, rather than one or the other. That led to a conceptual model of how host inflammatory status and microbiome status interact and how the whole ecosystem may slip into and out of different states of disease..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"There may be a silver lining for those at high risk for Alzheimer’s: as the chance of getting the disease goes up, certain treatments may become more effective. The risk of developing Alzheimer’s largely relies on a gene called APOE, with different variants conferring more or less risk. Usually, having a high-risk allele is bad news, but a group of researchers from New York University has reported that carrying the high-risk allele could actually boost responsiveness to immunotherapy, a promising new treatment option. The APOE gene helps determine how much beta-amyloid accumulates in the brain. Beta-amyloid starts as small misfolded bits of protein that clump together to form the plaques that are the hallmark of Alzheimer’s. As the plaques appear, the brain deteriorates, particularly in regions associated with memory. One way to potentially halt this process is to use antibodies that recognize beta-amyloid. The antibodies bind to the protein and signal to the immune system to clear it out..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Despite their known benefits, chemotherapy and other cancer treatments can take a toll on patients. Side effects such as hair loss, nausea, immune system suppression, fatigue, cognitive impairment, and infertility are common. The reason is that many cancer-fighting treatments target cells that quickly reproduce, which is true of cancer cells but also of other, healthy cells in the body, including blood cells and those lining the gastrointestinal tract. Is it possible to target only cancerous tissues with therapeutic drugs so that healthy organs remain unaffected? Researchers at the RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research in Japan are engineering molecules to do just that. The team showed that artificially designed gold-based enzymes (or metalloenzymes) can be used to guide drug delivery through a technique called selective cell tagging therapy. These metalloenzymes are studded with sugar molecules that can bind to specific proteins called lectins displayed on the surface of cancer cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The ubiquitous second messenger calcium (Ca2+) interacts with numerous cellular proteins to regulate physiological processes. Ca2+ also participates in a variety of diseases, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV infection is a major cause of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent studies have demonstrated that HBV infection elevates levels of intracellular Ca2+ and this elevation is primarily dependent on the HBV protein HBX. The activation of Ca2+ signaling contributes to viral replication in HBV-infected cells. The importance of Ca2+ signaling in HBV infection makes controlling intracellular Ca2+ a promising therapeutic target. Early studies have suggested that binding cytosolic Ca2+ or inhibiting Ca2+ channels reduces viral replication, but current research is largely derived from in vitro cellular models and needs to be confirmed in animal models and human patients..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This presentation focuses on the treatment of hyperglycaemia with type 2 diabetes patients. We’ll provide an introduction to exenatide, liraglutide, GLP-1 receptor antagonist, combination therapy, DPP-4 inhibitor, pancreatic safety of incretin-based drugs, SGLT-2 inhibitor and glucose absorption.

Course responsible: Associate Professor Signe Sørensen Torekov, MD Nicolai Wewer Albrechtsen & Professor Jens Juul Holst

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Malignant gliomas are the most common and the deadliest type of tumor affecting the central nervous system. Even after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, gliomas can still have a poor prognosis. But growing evidence is pointing to one promising target for fighting glioma. Exosomes are tiny sacs of cellular matter implicated in numerous cell processes. including signaling and communication and glioma progression. miRNAs are among the most important glioma-related payloads shuttled between cells by exosomes. In addition to increasing the risk of developing glioma. miRNAs can confer chemotherapy drug resistance from one cell to another or they can even help inhibit glioma tumor growth. Researchers are discovering that exosomal proteins may play similar roles. Understanding how exosomes operate and how they might be manipulated. could help researchers and clinicians deliver more powerful anti-cancer therapies to patients with glioma..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This video segment from the Secret of Life School Video: "On the Brink: Portraits of Modern Science" explores the genetics of breast cancer.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Glioblastomas are deadly, malignant brain tumors. Even with current treatment methods, the median life expectancy after diagnosis is only 15 months. This extreme treatment resistance is primarily due to changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Glioblastomas sometimes recruit normal cells to aid growth, and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have been observed migrating toward glioblastomas. Understanding the interaction between tumor and non-tumor cells in the TME is critical to developing new treatments. Recently, researchers examined the effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from glioblastoma cell lines on the cell lines themselves and mouse NPCs (mNPCs). In both glioblastoma cell lines and mNPCs, glioblastoma-derived EVs promoted proliferation and migration. Using a combination of proteomic profiling and laboratory assays, researchers examined the potential mechanisms of this effect and identified the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway as a key mediator..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, especially among patients who have experienced acute coronary syndrome, or ACS. Unfortunately, guidelines for managing dyslipidemia aren’t always followed in practice. In a new study, an expert panel examines barriers to dyslipidemia management faced by patients and physicians outside of Western Europe and North America—and proposes ways of reducing them. Reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or LDL-C, is the primary target of lipid-modifying therapy for dyslipidemia, as it reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease through proposed mechanisms such as plaque stabilization or reduced inflammation. The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology recommend at least a 50% reduction in LDL-C, but recommend intensification of therapy if LDL-C values remain at or above 1.8 mmol/L. Meanwhile, the European Society of Cardiology and European Atherosclerosis Society recently lowered their recommended goal to 1..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Despite advances in therapy, the prognosis and survival of patients with glioblastoma remain dismal. Part of the reason is poor targeting. The sheer complexity of tumor growth at the molecular scale makes it difficult to pinpoint the origin of gliomas. In recent years, more targeted research has led to the discovery of chains of molecular events that regulate glioma development, including the unusual trafficking of proteins into the nucleus of glioma cells. In a new study, researchers examined this glioma-related behavior for the protein doublecortin (DCX). DCX is a neuronal protein crucial for the formation of new neurons in adulthood and for neuronal migration. While researchers have looked at how glioma cells shuttle different proteins to their nucleus, this marked the first time that scientists zeroed in on DCX. The team found that high accumulation of DCX in the nucleus boosted the invasiveness of glioma cells, whereas blocking the nuclear import of DCX reduced glioma proliferation..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Topic 13: Therapy and TreatmentTextbook readings: p. 607; pp. 614-629.Watch:Discovering Psychology: Discovering Psychology: Psychotherapy (Program 22)Psychotherapy is the twenty-second program in the DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY series. It explores different therapeutic approaches as well as the relationships among theory, research, and practice. You'll learn how some historical, cultural, and social forces have influenced approaches to the treatment of psychological disorders.Watch: The Mind - Series Homepage  Produced by Colorado State University. 1999, all descriptions are from the series website. The Mind: Treating Depression: Electroconvulsive Therapy (Module 34)Provides a clear and dramatic presentation of the process and some of the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).The Brain - Series Homepage  Produced by Colorado State University. 1997, all descriptions are from the series website.The Brain: Schizophrenia: Pharmacological Treatment (Module 28)Dr. Arnold Scheibel reviews the various ways in which schizophrenia has been treated since the 1950s, ranging from the use of physical restraints and cool baths to the administration of antipsychotic drugs. He and other psychiatrists elaborate on the ways in which drugs alter the chemistry of the brain. Drugs that are effective seem to reduce the levels of dopamine in the brain — to provide amelioration and stabilization, not a cure.Watch:The World of Abnormal Psychology - Produced by Alvin H. Perlmutter, Inc., and Toby Levine Communications. 1992, all descriptions are from the series website.The World of Abnormal Psychology: Psychotherapies (Program 12)This program allows viewers to "sit-in" on five distinctly different kinds of psychotherapy: psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, Gestalt, couples, and group. Theory and practice are intertwined as these patients progress through therapy, sometimes trying alternative models for the same problem. Learning objectives:1.      Distinguish between psychotherapy and biomedical therapy.2.      Explain the main goal and main components of psychoanalysis (Freud’s psychotherapy which includes “free association” and “dream analysis” techniques); behavior therapy which includes “exposure” technique, “aversive conditioning”, “counter-conditioning” and “token economy” technique); cognitive therapy (originated by Beck); cognitive-behavioral therapy (which incorporates both cognitive and behavioral techniques); and biomedical therapies (which include psychotropic medications and ECT: electroconvulsive therapy).3.      Distinguish between these “modalities” (formats) of psychotherapy: play therapy, individual therapy, group therapy, and family therapy. 

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Osteoarthritis is a painful degradation of joint cartilage. Therapies that boost cartilage's limited ability to repair using adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) have shown promise in cell culture and animal studies, but that success has not carried over to clinical trials. This variability in clinical trials may come down to how the cells are cultured prior to implantation. To test this, a recent study examined a co-culture system combining ASCs taken from the fat pad behind the patella and cartilage cells (chondrocytes). Co-cultured ASCs and chondrocytes had higher expression of cartilage-associated genes than expected, and the effect was larger in cultures with a lower ratio of ASCs to chondrocytes. This gene expression change likely reflects changes in the ASCs and would suggest that the ASCs are starting to make the molecular changes needed to repair damaged cartilage, but increased expression in the chondrocytes, rather than the ASCs, cannot be ruled out without further experiments..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Epithelial cells form continuous coverings over all surfaces in the human body and have distinct top and bottom sides, but they can sometimes transform to function more like mesenchymal cells, losing their tight connections to adjacent cells and gaining mobility. This process, known as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), can be beneficial for wound healing and embryonic development but can also promote the progression of cancer. Research suggests that acetylation, or the addition of an acetyl group to another molecule, may play an important role in EMT and that this process is controlled by the activity of lysine acetyltransferase enzymes. In particular, the acetylation of specific histones, proteins that provide structural support to chromosomes and can regulate gene activity, could promote EMT. But recent studies have also shown that the acetylation of non-histone proteins could also be involved. For example, the acetylation of the protein E-cadherin has been found to accelerate EMT in cancer cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Psychology is designed to meet scope and sequence requirements for the single-semester introduction to psychology course. The book offers a comprehensive treatment of core concepts, grounded in both classic studies and current and emerging research. The text also includes coverage of the DSM-5 in examinations of psychological disorders. Psychology incorporates discussions that reflect the diversity within the discipline, as well as the diversity of cultures and communities across the globe.Senior Contributing AuthorsRose M. Spielman, Formerly of Quinnipiac UniversityContributing AuthorsKathryn Dumper, Bainbridge State CollegeWilliam Jenkins, Mercer UniversityArlene Lacombe, Saint Joseph's UniversityMarilyn Lovett, Livingstone CollegeMarion Perlmutter, University of Michigan

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Radiation therapy is a powerful way to kill cancer cells or slow their growth, but radiation can have unintended effects on surrounding cells. In a new study, researchers report that X-rays could actually help cancer cells gain a foothold in otherwise healthy tissue. The team blasted breast cancer cells cultured in the lab with different doses of X-rays. The cells released a cocktail of molecules in response including VEGF-A, a protein that triggers blood vessel formation. The team then transferred that molecular cocktail to healthy endothelial cells. Over time, those healthy cells showed a significantly enhanced ability to form the building blocks of blood vessels. This so-called “bystander effect” points to one way that cancer cells can cling to life even when zapped with radiation, and although the results are constrained to cells cultured in the lab, they could help inform researchers on how radiation therapy might do more harm than good..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This Module offers a description of related services and an overview of the benefits they provide to students with disabilities in the general education classroom. It highlights five commonly used related services (Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Speech-Language Pathology Services, Social Work Services, and Psychological Services) and briefly highlights many of the other related services as identified through IDEA '04 (est. completion time: 1 hour).

In the past century, a number of psychotherapeutic orientations have gained popularity for treating mental illnesses. This module outlines some of the best-known therapeutic approaches and explains the history, techniques, advantages, and disadvantages associated with each. The most effective modern approach is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). We also discuss psychoanalytic therapy, person-centered therapy, and mindfulness-based approaches. Drug therapy and emerging new treatment strategies will also be briefly explored.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common, painful disorder that – by definition – lacks clear physical pathology, and its symptoms are often influenced by psychological factors like intense worry and hypervigilance. In fact, brain-targeted treatments like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) have been effective at reducing IBS symptoms. However, little is known about the impact of the pre-treatment gut microbiome or if CBT influences the gut-microbiome-brain axis. Thus, researchers recently explored those questions in patients undergoing a CBT regimen designed to treat IBS. Patients who would later have a significant reduction in IBS symptoms had a distinct microbiome from patients who did not respond to treatment, and a random forests classifier based on the most prevalent bacterial groups could accurately predict the response to CBT..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.