Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the different types of skeletal systemsExplain the role of the human skeletal systemCompare and contrast different skeletal systems

After completing the associated lesson and its first associated activity, students are familiar with the 20 major bones in the human body knowing their locations and relative densities. When those bones break, lose their densities or are destroyed, we look to biomedical engineers to provide replacements. In this activity, student pairs are challenged to choose materials and create prototypes that could replace specific bones. They follow the steps of the engineering design process, researching, brainstorming, prototyping and testing to find bone replacement solutions. Specifically, they focus on identifying substances that when combined into a creative design might provide the same density (and thus strength and support) as their natural counterparts. After iterations to improve their designs, they present their bone alternative solutions to the rest of the class. They refer to the measured and calculated densities for fabricated human bones calculated in the previous activity, and conduct Internet research to learn the densities of given fabrication materials (or measure/calculate those densities if not found online).

Students review what they know about the 20 major bones in the human body (names, shapes, functions, locations, as learned in the associated lesson) and the concept of density (mass per unit of volume). Then student pairs calculate the densities for different bones from a disarticulated human skeleton model of fabricated bones, making measurements via triple-beam balance (for mass) and water displacement (for volume). All groups share their results with the class in order to collectively determine the densities for every major bone in the body. This activity prepares students for the next activity, "Can It Support You? No Bones about It," during which they act as biomedical engineers and design artificial bones, which requires them to find materials of suitable density to perform as human body implants.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Knee problems such as instability of the kneecap and arthritis can be telltale signs that it’s time for surgery. But they’re not the only ones. A new study suggests that focal lesions of the cartilage that cushions the kneecap, or patella, and of the trochlea, the groove where the patella rests, are just as important and can have similar causes. Understanding how these lesions are related to knee alignment and morphology could help clinicians develop more tailored and durable treatments. Researchers reached that conclusion after comparing the knee anatomy of 135 patients with focal patellofemoral cartilage lesions, but no arthritis, to that of 100 patients with normal cartilage. Using M-R-I, they assessed features including patellar morphology, trochlear morphology, patellar malalignment, and the quadriceps vector. Patients with patellofemoral lesions showed greater trochlear dysplasia and patellar malalignment than those in the control group..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.