This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The gut microbiome interacts intimately with its human host, both in health and in disease. A recent study examined how different states of the gut microbiome might be linked to varying degrees of disease in rats. Researchers exposed rats to different concentrations of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), a polysaccharide known to induce human-like colitis. The effects on the intestinal microbiome over time were tracked by gene profiling. The results provide some of the first experimental evidence of “alternative states” in the rat intestinal ecosystem. These are distinct microbial profiles related to markers of disease. Importantly, these alternative states were found to be tied to both the host and microbiome, rather than one or the other. That led to a conceptual model of how host inflammatory status and microbiome status interact and how the whole ecosystem may slip into and out of different states of disease..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Analytic epidemiological studies aim to investigate and identify factors associated with the presence of disease within populations, through the investigation of factors which may vary between individual members of these populations. Details on study designs appropriate for these investigations are given elsewhere. Conceptually, this involves investigating the disease experience amongst different 'groups' of animals within an overall population, distinguished according to the factor(s) of interest. These factors can be classified as one of the components of the 'epidemiological triad' of Host, Agent and Environment, many of which are closely interrelated with each other.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Resistance to antibiotics is a growing global threat to human and animal health. Much of the current research into antibiotic resistance has focused on the human gut, but significantly less of it has examined rivers, which are akin to a terrestrial ‘gut.’ To close this gap, researchers examined the antibiotic resistance genes and their hosts in the 3rd longest river in the world, the Yangtze. They identified 1853 species of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that collectively carried 31 types of antibiotic resistance genes. Human pathogenic bacteria carried a disproportionately large share of the resistance genes. Specifically, human pathogens accounted for 5.9% of the host population found in the river sediment, but they carried 46% of the resistance genes there. In the water column, human pathogens carried 64% of the resistance genes while representing only 13.4% of the host population. The dominant antibiotic resistance genes differed from those found in the human gut, anthropogenic systems, or lakes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Becoming the Next Bill Nye is about using video production techniques to develop your ability to engagingly convey your passions for science, technology, engineering, and / or math. You'll have the opportunity to script and on-screen host 5-minute YouTube science, technology, engineering, and / or math-related shows to inspire youth to consider a future in science.

Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:List the steps of replication and explain what occurs at each stepDescribe the lytic and lysogenic cycles of virus replicationExplain the transmission and diseases of animal and plant virusesDiscuss the economic impact of animal and plant viruses

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the predator-prey cycleGive examples of defenses against predation and herbivoryDescribe the competitive exclusion principleGive examples of symbiotic relationships between speciesDescribe community structure and succession

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The symbiotic microbial community that many animals have floating freely in their gut is critical to their health and well-being. But some insects, like cereal weevils, take this a step further and host bacteria inside their own cells. These endosymbiotic bacteria reside in massive, specialized cells organized in an organ called the bacteriome. Previous studies have suggested that the cereal weevil bacteriome participates in immune responses. But how, or if, the bacteriome protects its resident bacteria from that immune activity remains unclear. To answer this, researchers activated the cereal weevil innate immune system with pathogen protein fragments and examined the gene expression changes in the bacteriome and its residents. Rather than differentiate between pathogens and symbionts, the cereal weevils protected their endosymbionts with physical separation..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Plants are intimately connected to the microbiomes they host. These microbial communities provide plants with nutrients. and protection from environmental stress. While scientists know that plant-derived factors shape the composition of microbiomes. it’s unclear whether host evolution also plays a role. To find out, researchers recently investigated seeds of the genus Oryza, the common rice plant. They examined the effects of speciation and domestication of rice on seed microbiomes. and found that speciation gave rise to distinct communities of bacteria and fungi in seeds. Similarly, domestication tended to produce variations in the composition of fungal communities while conserving bacterial communities. These findings indicate that while evolutionary processes can affect microbiome composition in random fashion. the environmental changes that accompany domestication contribute to the assembly of microbiomes in deterministic ways..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Live streaming entertainment is taking the virtual world by storm whether it’s sports gaming or even pets But many live streaming platforms face challenges to stay afloat particularly in China, where live streaming personalities, or “hosts”, earn income through monetary gifts from fans These gifts are shared with both the live streaming platform and host unions—collectives designed to help hosts boost viewer retention Some of the biggest challenges are related to content Platforms must ensure that broadcasts are politically, socially, and ethically appropriate for both hosts and viewers while entertaining enough to capture a big audience Other challenges concern the relationships among hosts, host unions, and platforms Stiff competition for viewership has translated to long work hours for hosts with little dedicated mentorship from unions as well as growing distance between hosts and their supporting platforms Nurturing healthy stakeholder relationships could be the key to s.."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Designer rootstocks enable fruit trees to thrive under otherwise unbearable conditions, providing strong anchorage and defending against biological and nonbiological stressors. But what role does the root microbiome play in this assistive act? To find out, researchers used 16S rRNA sequencing to examine the rootstocks of Valencia orange trees in Florida. Results showed that the genetic makeup of different rootstocks determined how the root microbiome responded to compost treatment. The aspects of the root microbiome that were rootstock- specific included bacterial abundance, diversity, and community composition. These findings suggest that specific bacteria drive changes in nutrient concentrations accessed by different rootstocks. Understanding this intimate relationship is important to supporting overall plant health and could inspire research into how root microbes might affect other parts of trees..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Students modify a provided App Inventor code to design their own diseases. This serves as the evolution step in the software/systems design process. The activity is essentially a mini design cycle in which students are challenged to design a solution to the modification, implement and test it using different population patterns The result of this process is an evolution of the original app.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Mutations in the gene tp53 are often detected in the early stages of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). The development of CAC is facilitated by gut microbiota disruption (dysbiosis) and chronic intestinal inflammation, but whether tp53 mutations are linked to this dysbiosis and inflammation remains unclear. To learn more, a recent study examined zebrafish larvae with a tp53 mutation. The mutant fish exhibited intestinal inflammation that was due to gut microbiota disruption. confirming the link between tp53 and these pathological changes. Overall, gut microbiome diversity was decreased, while pathogenic Aeromonas bacteria were abnormally abundant, aggressively colonizing the gut. Further investigation revealed that the gut dysbiosis in the mutants induced inflammation by disrupting sialic acid metabolism. Supporting this finding, inhibition of the sialic acid-releasing enzyme sialidase alleviated the pathologies in mutant zebrafish larvae..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.