This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in tumor cells caused by protein misfolding can promote cancer progression. It does this by enabling immune escape and by upregulating PD-L1, a protein that activates protumor immune cells called M2 macrophages. This process may involve small extracellular vesicles known as exosomes, but the mechanisms are unclear. A new study investigated these mechanisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common head/neck cancer. The ER stress markers PERK, ATF6, and GRP78 were upregulated in OSCC tissues from patients and were related to poor overall survival. In addition, the levels of the ER stress proteins were positively associated with PD-L1 expression and macrophage infiltration in tumor tissues. Exosomes derived from an ER-stressed OSCC cell line in vitro (Exo-ERs)contained more PD-L1 than control exosomes (Exo-Cons), and the Exo-ERs upregulated PD-L1 in macrophages and polarized macrophages toward the protumor M2 type both in vitro and in vivo..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This course focuses on the fundamentals of tissue and organ response to injury from a molecular and cellular perspective. There is a special emphasis on disease states that bridge infection, inflammation, immunity, and cancer. The systems approach to pathophysiology includes lectures, critical evaluation of recent scientific papers, and student projects and presentations.
This term, we focus on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), chronic-active hepatitis, and hepatitis virus infections. In addition to lectures, students work in teams to critically evaluate and present primary scientific papers.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death globally and is increasing in incidence. While some cancers can be effectively treated with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, no such treatments currently exist for PDAC, and no effective biomarkers of this disease have been identified. Recently, researchers demonstrated the ability to shrink PDAC tumors in mice using the drug silvestrol. PDAC is associated with mutations in the KRAS gene that cause the excessive production of proteins involved in normal cell functioning, such as ARF6, AMAP1, and MYC. Interestingly, while silvestrol tended to promote tumor growth in mice with PDAC when administered alone, when combined with anti-PD-1 therapy, a form of ICB treatment, silvestrol reduced the size of PDAC tumors by disrupting the ARF6-AMAP1 pathway in KRAS-mutated cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"When functioning normally, the protein FGFR2 helps regulate cell growth and division, bone growth, and the formation of blood vessels. But alterations in FGFR2 activity have been linked to certain cancers, including breast and prostate cancer, most notably because of a switch between two forms of the protein: from FGFR2b to FGFR2c. To understand the effects of this transition, a recent study examined how the aberrant expression of FGFR2c affects another protein known as PKCε. PKCε is overexpressed in several carcinomas. dramatically increasing the growth rate and mobility of the same cells regulated by FGFR2c. Test-tube experiments revealed that faulty expression of FGFR2c strongly activated PKCε through phosphorylation, a process in which phosphoryl groups are attached to a protein, modifying its function in most cases..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The composition of our gut microbial community has been linked directly to our health, but researchers are only beginning to study the impact of its functional metabolic behavior, which can shift in response to external factors. Microbial production of H₂S in the gut is one such function, and it may be a colorectal cancer trigger. A recent study used publicly available datasets to examine the sulfur metabolism genes in our gut microbiota. Sulfur metabolism genes were more abundant and diverse than previously thought and were correlated with colorectal cancer. The researchers also examined two key sulfate reductases: dissimilatory sulfite reductases (Dsr) and anaerobic sulfite reductase (asr) and found that genes for asr were twice as abundant as genes for Dsr, suggesting that asr is a more important contributor to sulfate reduction in the human gut and found that genes for asr were twice as abundant as genes for Dsr, suggesting that asr is a more important contributor to sulfate reduction in the human gut..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that can modulate gene expression to affect numerous biological processes. One such molecule, miRNA-93, is dysregulated in various diseases and might be a valuable marker of prognosis. For example, it’s generally upregulated in lung cancer, prostate cancer, glioma, osteosarcoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma, where it promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion to drive cancer progression. It can also induce the development of chemotherapy resistance. Furthermore, miRNA-93 contributes to coronary artery blockage, Parkinson’s disease, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and acute kidney injury. However, it’s not always upregulated in disease. In fact, it’s downregulated in gastric, bladder, cervical, and renal cancer, sometimes exerting anti-tumor effects. These differences emphasize the need to truly understand miRNA-93’s role in a specific disease before using miRNA-93 as a prognostic marker or treatment target..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.