This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In all kingdoms of life, cells need mechanisms to organize their contents. One way this is can be achieved is with membrane-bound organelles, but cells also form biomolecular condensates, which are concentrated assemblies of cellular components that do not adhere to stoichiometric principles. The proteins driving the formation of these condensates typically contain oligomerization domains and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). Our current understanding of the contribution of these regions in living cells is limited, particularly over time and compared to each other. Recent research using quantitative microscopy examined condensates formed by AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 19 (ARF19), a transcription factor found in plants. This protein has a large central IDR and an oligomerization domain at the c-terminus. The IDR amino acid sequence influenced the morphology and material properties of ARF19’s condensates, but did not influence the distribution of oligomeric species..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Chloroplasts harness sunlight to power all the processes that help plants grow. Like engines, they must carefully balance their fuel to run efficiently. In plants, that’s the ratio of ATP to NADPH, two forms of fuel produced by photosynthesis. But scientists have long known that ATP/NADPH ratios in chloroplasts fall short of the value required for plants to turn CO₂ into sugars. To find out how plants overcome this imbalance, researchers tracked ATP in Arabidopsis plants in real time using a fluorescent protein sensor. They found that immature chloroplasts in young seedlings imported cytosolic ATP for chloroplast biogenesis, using an abundance of ATP transporter proteins to do the job, but mature chloroplasts downregulated these transporters to minimize ATP importation. Instead of importing ATP to maintain fuel balance, chloroplasts exported NADPH in the form of malate..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Just as it does for humans, morning signals the time to wake up for plants. Sunlight triggers stomata, which are tiny pores on plant leaves, to open. This boosts photosynthesis by letting CO₂ in and O₂ out. Cells known as guard cells are the gatekeepers of this process, and opening the stomata requires a lot of energy. But scientists have long wondered where this energy comes from. Because while guard cells serve a key photosynthetic function, they appear less equipped than surrounding cells to perform photosynthesis. Now, researchers from HKU and ETH have discovered guard cells’ secret source of fuel. Experiments on Arabidopsis plants showed that guard cells import most of their energy in the form of sugar from surrounding mesophyll cells. Mesophyll cells contain many more chloroplasts than guard cells, helping them produce large amounts of sugar through photosynthesis..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.