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Adagrasib reverses cancer multidrug resistance mediated by the transporter protein ABCB1
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Chemotherapy failure is a devastating problem that frequently results from cancer multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR is often due to overexpression of proteins called ABC transporters, which can pump chemotherapy drugs out of cancer cells. However, there are currently no effective treatments for MDR. A new study tested whether adagrasib (MRTX849), a promising anticancer drug targeting a mutant KRAS protein, can help fight MDR in cancer cell lines overexpressing the ABC transporter ABCB1 and in mice with ABCB1-overexpressing tumors. Both in vitro and in vivo, adagrasib increased the anticancer efficacy of conventional chemotherapy drugs. Adagrasib did not change the expression level or location of ABCB1 in the cells to exert its MDR- reversing effects. Rather, it suppressed the ability of ABCB1 to pump the drugs out of the cancer cells, likely by preventing binding of the energy molecule ATP, which normally powers the transporter’s pumping action..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
04/14/2023
Drug delivery strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and has high rates of recurrence and death. In patients with advanced HCC and poor liver function, surgery and ablation aren’t very effective, so pharmacotherapy is typically used. However, traditional antitumor drugs don’t have ideal properties or efficacy, and they’re highly toxic to normal cells. Recently developed nanotechnologies have shown promise for improving drug kinetics and efficacy against HCC. For example, nanoparticles can deliver drugs to tumor tissues and affect specific cells and molecules in the tumor microenvironment. These nanocarriers can reach their targets passively (due to intrinsic tumor characteristics) or actively (via molecules engineered onto their surfaces). Drug release from the nanoparticles can be induced by conditions common in tumors, such as hypoxia and acidification or by externally applied stimuli, such as light, heat, ultrasound, and magnetic fields..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
05/18/2022
Mechanisms of action of Plasmodium infection against cancer
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In cancer, tumor cells secrete chemicals that suppress immune function by upregulating the expression of immune “brakes”. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors can release these brakes to effectively treat certain types of cancer. However, other types of cancer are resistant to checkpoint inhibitors, so alternate treatments are needed. In mouse models, infection with the malaria parasite Plasmodium can activate immune defense against cancer. Similarly, global human epidemiological data indicate that malaria occurrence is inversely associated with cancer mortality. In mice, Plasmodium induces proinflammatory molecule production, immune cell activation, and subsequent systemic immune responses while simultaneously upregulating the expression of brake molecules through a feedback mechanism of the immune system to prevent unchecked damage by these immune responses..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/13/2021
PML-II regulates ERK and AKT signal activation and IFNα-induced cell death
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The protein IFNα can reduce growth and promote apoptosis of cancer cells by stimulating genes such as PML, whose deficiency is linked to tumorigenesis, but the contributions of different PML isoforms to the anticancer effects remain unclear. Given that PML-II positively regulates genes that are induced during the type I IFN response, researchers recently investigated whether and how PML-II participates in IFNα-induced cell death using a cervical cancer cell line. In cells with PML-II deletion (siPML-II), death during IFNα stimulation was reduced, and IFNα-induced ISG54 mRNA expression was attenuated. In addition, silencing PML-II decreased the expression of TRAIL and PUMA during IFNα stimulation, indicating that the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways were blunted..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/13/2021
Pros and cons of immune checkpoint inhibitors for tumor immunotherapy
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A major turning point for tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint proteins, which suppress immunity to facilitate tumor growth. The discovery prompted the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that can help fight even metastatic and chemoresistant cancers. ICIs that target the proteins CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 are particularly promising for cancer treatment. These drugs can be used either alone or with other therapies to enhance treatment efficacy. For example, they can be combined with traditional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy, and cancer vaccines to improve outcomes. In addition, combinations of CTLA-4- and PD-1-blocking ICIs can be used to treat cancers like melanoma. However, despite the encouraging results in some studies, many patients fail to respond to ICIs. ICIs can also exert various immune-related adverse effects on the skin, colon, liver, lungs, kidneys, and heart, and some tumors can become resistant to the drugs..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
05/18/2022
Safety and efficacy of cytokine-induced killer cells for colorectal cancer treatment
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. Treatment options for advanced colorectal cancer are limited, but cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy may be a useful approach. In this type of immunotherapy, blood cells from a patient are incubated with several proteins (anti-CD3 antibodies, IL-2, and IFN-γ). This generates CIK cells, which are then injected or transfused into the patient for treatment. These cells can proliferate more quickly and exert better antitumor effects than other types of cancer-fighting immune cells. CIK cells’ killing effects are mediated primarily by binding of the membrane protein NKG2D to corresponding ligands on tumor cells and by signaling through the AMPK/Akt/mTOR, Notch, Wnt/β-Catenin, and HIF-1α pathways. Clinical studies have indicated that CIK cell treatment is generally a safe addition to routine radio- and chemotherapy and that it can help prolong survival in some patients..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
05/18/2022
VSSP-treated macrophages reduce tumor growth in mice with castration-resistant prostate cancer
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Prostate cancer is one of the most common and deadliest cancers among men. Reducing the levels of male hormones is the first-line treatment, but many cases become resistant to this “chemical castration”. Immunotherapies that leverage or improve the tumor-killing abilities of immune cells called macrophages might be viable alternatives but so far, there is limited preclinical or clinical evidence as to whether these therapies are effective. Researchers recently used a mouse model to explore whether a macrophage-activating drug called VSSP can successfully treat castration-resistant prostate cancer. VSSP inhibited tumor growth in surgically castrated mice with less-aggressive prostate cancer, but not in those with castration-resistant prostate cancer. The scientists next treated macrophages with VSSP in the laboratory and administered them to mice with castration-resistant cancer. They found that the VSSP-treated macrophages reduced tumor growth in the mice..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
04/17/2023
The role of autophagy in cancer immune escape
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Autophagy is a catabolic process in which intracellular components are degraded in lysosomes. Stresses such as nutrient deficiency, hypoxia, and chemotherapy can trigger autophagy, making autophagy relevant to cancer treatment. Autophagy appears to play complex dual roles in cancer immune escape. For example, autophagic degradation of the immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 generally enhances T cell activation and suppresses tumor growth, but cancer cells can encapsulate PD-L1 and another checkpoint protein, CD47, in endosomes to prevent their degradation. In addition, MHC-I/II autophagy enables cancer cell immune escape and inhibits antigen presentation and T cell activation. However, autophagic mitochondrial degradation, termed mitophagy, can improve the antitumor immune response. Therefore, autophagy can positively or negatively affect cancer immune escape, which may depend on the experimental context, and autophagy may synergize with immune cells to regulate cancer immune surveillance..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/13/2021