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Antibiotic growth promotants alter microbial gene expression in the chicken gut microbiome
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Antimicrobial resistance is a looming threat to global health. As a result, the livestock industry is moving away from using antibiotics in feed to enhance growth. But this shift may have led to increased rates of systemic infections and reduced production efficiency. Alternatives for antibiotic growth promotants (AGPs) are needed, but the mechanism behind the efficiency of AGPs is largely unknown. So, a recent study systematically evaluated the composition and function of the chicken gut microbial community in response to AGPs. The impact of AGPs was dependent on the birds' age and diet as well as the intestinal sampling location. Overall, AGPs had a limited impact on the abundances of specific microbial groups but did shift which groups were influential and exclude others. The chicken gut microbiome functionally responded to AGPs by changing the expression of multiple pathways, including by increasing expression of cell wall formation and antimicrobial resistance mechanism genes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
04/14/2023
Antibiotics make way for fungal invasion in human gut
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Antibiotics are powerful for fighting infection. But they could create a dangerous imbalance in the gut, where the eradication of harmful bacteria might make room for gut fungi to invade. To find out, researchers analyzed stool samples from 14 healthy participants. Samples were collected over 3 months following a 6-day course of antibiotics. While the bacterial community mostly rebounded over those 3 months, the fungal community shifted from one characterized largely by mutually beneficial interactions (red) to one fraught with competitive interactions (blue) with half of the bacterial-fungal interactions detected before the antibiotic treatment disappearing 3 months later. Metagenomics data revealed that certain bacteria normally help keep opportunistic fungal pathogens like Candida albicans in check. Understanding how could help researchers find ways to restore balance to the gut microbiome following drug treatment or during disease..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
11/12/2020
Apoptotic mimicry as a strategy for the establishment of parasitic infections
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Parasitic infections affect nearly 1 in 6 people worldwide. These infections thrive when parasites are able to evade, inhibit, or disrupt host defense mechanisms. One way parasites avoid the immune response is to disguise themselves as dying host cells. Normal host cells undergoing apoptosis expose a molecule called phosphatidylserine (PS) on the plasma membrane as a signal to surrounding cells. This signal is detected by phagocytic immune cells, which engulf the dying cell and reduce inflammation. The system is co-opted by parasites, who use PS as a Trojan horse to enter phagocytic immune cells, infecting the host. This process, known as “apoptotic mimicry, ”takes several forms. Classical apoptotic mimicry - where the PS comes from the challenger - is used by the parasites that cause leishmaniasis, American trypanosomiasis, and toxoplasmosis; while non-classical apoptotic mimicry, which co-opts PS exposed by dying host cells, is used by the parasites that cause malaria and amebiasis..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/29/2020
Bacteria and Chronic Infections -  Infection Pathogenesis (11:55)
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CC BY-NC-ND
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In this presentation, we will discuss how bacteria are causing disease. Furthermore, we will introduce the student to the term pathogenesis, and in continuation of this present the four main steps, that causes pathogenesis.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Lecture
Provider:
University of Copenhagen
Author:
Professor Oana Ciofu
Date Added:
11/02/2018
Bacterial communities change during ICU renovations
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Infectious microbes don’t stop at the hospital door upon admission. Hospital surfaces serve as a reservoir of microbial life that may colonize patients, resulting in healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The most vulnerable are critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), where HAIs represent the leading cause of death. Unfortunately, little is known about how the microbiome of the ICU is established or how it is influenced over time. A new study took advantage of a unique opportunity to examine the evolution of the ICU microbiome. Researchers examined microbes isolated from ICU surfaces before, during, and after hospital renovations closed the unit. Using DNA sequencing, they found that the greatest bacterial diversity existed before ICU closure..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/30/2020
Bacterial density is an underreported metric in clinical gut microbiome research
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In ecology research, population density is an important metric for community analysis studies. Yet even though microbiomes are small ecosystems, microbiome studies rarely report the bacterial density. To evaluate the significance of bacterial density in gut microbiome research, a recent retrospective study examined rectal swabs from hospitalized patients. The authors found that bacterial density had important methodologic significance, as it predicted vulnerability to sequencing contamination. Specifically, low-bacterial-density specimens had higher levels of sequencing contamination. Clinical factors like age, exposure to antibiotics, and comorbidities also varied with bacterial density. Older patients and those with multiple co-morbidities had high bacterial density, while antibiotic exposure correlated with low density. Lastly, bacterial density showed potential as a prognostic indicator, as the density at time of admission correlated with subsequent infection..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
05/17/2022
Bone Crusher
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Educational Use
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Students use a tension-compression machine (or an alternative bone-breaking setup) to see how different bones fracture differently and with different amounts of force, depending on their body locations. Teams determine bone mass and volume, calculate bone density, and predict fracture force. Then they each test a small animal bone (chicken, turkey, cat) to failure, examining the break to analyze the fracture type. Groups conduct research about biomedical challenges, materials and repair methods, and design repair treatment plans specific to their bones and fracture types, presenting their design recommendations to the class.

Subject:
Applied Science
Engineering
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Activity/Lab
Provider:
TeachEngineering
Provider Set:
TeachEngineering
Author:
Andrea Lee
Megan Ketchum
Date Added:
09/18/2014
Calcium signaling in hepatitis B virus infection and its potential as a therapeutic target
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The ubiquitous second messenger calcium (Ca2+) interacts with numerous cellular proteins to regulate physiological processes. Ca2+ also participates in a variety of diseases, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV infection is a major cause of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent studies have demonstrated that HBV infection elevates levels of intracellular Ca2+ and this elevation is primarily dependent on the HBV protein HBX. The activation of Ca2+ signaling contributes to viral replication in HBV-infected cells. The importance of Ca2+ signaling in HBV infection makes controlling intracellular Ca2+ a promising therapeutic target. Early studies have suggested that binding cytosolic Ca2+ or inhibiting Ca2+ channels reduces viral replication, but current research is largely derived from in vitro cellular models and needs to be confirmed in animal models and human patients..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/13/2021
Effects on the microbiome during treatment of a staphylococcal device infection
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Staphylococcus aureus is a common commensal that can cause an array of serious human diseases, from mild skin infection to life-threatening disease. S. aureus can rapidly adapt to selective pressures such as antibiotics, and this ability is enhanced by biofilm formation on implanted medical devices. With antibiotic resistance on the rise, there is a growing need to find non-antibiotic alternatives to treat serious infections. One such alternative is bacteriophage therapy, which introduces viruses that selectively infect and kill bacteria. A recent study sought to better understand the impact of bacteriophage therapy on the host microbiome. In a follow-up to a case study of a patient with an implanted cardiac device who was treated with bacteriophage therapy combined with antibiotics for a persistent S. aureus infection, researchers used high-throughput sequencing to evaluate patient microbial samples from the gut, saliva, and skin..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/14/2021
Fever!
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Educational Use
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This video describes the role of the brain in regulating body temperature and how sometimes fever is employed to fight off infection.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Activity/Lab
Provider:
PBS LearningMedia
Provider Set:
PBS Learning Media: Multimedia Resources for the Classroom and Professional Development
Author:
National Science Foundation
WGBH Educational Foundation
Date Added:
09/26/2003
Fighting sepsis with stem cells
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Stem cells are usually thought of as possible treatments for diseases like spinal cord injuries or type I diabetes, in which cells need to be replaced. But increasing evidence suggests they may be able to help with sepsis -- a life-threatening complication of infection. Sepsis is one of the most deadly and expensive syndromes, killing a quarter of a million people and incurring 20 billion dollars in hospital costs every year in the United States alone. Classically, sepsis has been thought of as a problem of an overactive immune system. As immune cells respond to infection, they unleash a torrent of inflammatory cytokines, or what’s called a cytokine storm, which can lead to organ failure. But recently, doctors have discovered that sepsis is more complicated, and if someone survives this early hyper-inflammatory stage, they are still at risk of succumbing later, when the syndrome switches over to being immune suppressive..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
09/20/2019
Forced to Fracture
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Educational Use
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Students learn how forces affect the human skeletal system through fractures and why certain bones are more likely to break than others depending on their design and use in the body. They learn how engineers and doctors collaborate to design effective treatments with consideration for the location, fracture severity and patient age, as well as the use of biocompatible materials. Learning the lesson content prepares students for the associated activity in which they test small animal bones to failure and then design treatment repair plans.

Subject:
Anatomy/Physiology
Applied Science
Engineering
Life Science
Material Type:
Lesson Plan
Provider:
TeachEngineering
Provider Set:
TeachEngineering
Author:
Andrea Lee
Megan Ketchum
Date Added:
09/18/2014
A Global View of HIV Infection
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CC BY-NC-SA
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Title: A Global View of HIV InfectionCourse of Origin: Population Change and Public HealthKeywords: aids, disease, global, hiv, illness, infection, map, outbreak, spread, transmission, worldTopic Areas: Adolescent Health, Global Health, HIV/AIDS, Infectious DiseaseCitation Format: "A Global View of HIV Infection" from Population Change and Public Health. Copyright © Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Creative Commons BY-NC-SA.

Subject:
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Author:
Ira Gooding
Date Added:
08/27/2020
Graft type, age, revision surgery linked to infection following ACL reconstruction
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Infection of the knee joint following ACL reconstruction is a rare but serious complication. Past studies have attempted to uncover the risk factors that make certain individuals more susceptible to infection than others. But many of these studies have been limited to small and medium-sized cohorts. A new study reported in the _American Journal of Sports Medicine_ has examined the largest, single-center cohort to date. Findings reveal that graft type, age, and revision surgery could be linked to the risk of infection following ACL reconstruction. The researchers behind the study reviewed more than 11,000 total procedures performed at a single institution between 2010 and 2018. Among these, 48 infections were identified. In addition to infections, the researchers reviewed patient and procedure characteristics associated with infection, infection characteristics, incidence of ACL graft retention and factors associated with retention versus removal of ACL grafts..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
01/31/2023
Homing in on how H pylori aids in the development of stomach cancer
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Residing in the stomachs of over half the human population, the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, also known as H pylori, has become a major cause of digestive complications, ranging from peptic ulcers to stomach cancer. But despite this link, scientists still aren’t sure how these disorders arise after infection. Now, researchers have homed in on a single protein produced by H pylori that seems to rev up the immune system, causing a state of inflammation that may pave the way for cancer growth or other types of gut breakdown. The protein, HP1454, is naturally released from H pylori -- both actively by living cells and passively as cells die. The scientists found that when special immune cells known as T cells encounter this secreted HP1454, they kick into action, mounting an inflammatory response. This relationship was particularly strong in people with stomach cancer..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
09/20/2019
Immune system-related soluble mediators and COVID-19: Basic mechanisms and clinical perspectives
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"An effective, tightly regulated immune response is critical for patients to recover from viral infections like COVID-19. Understanding immune regulation can allow researchers to develop better therapeutics and management techniques for patients. One class of factors involved with immune regulation are soluble immune mediators, which play roles in the dynamic interactions between ligands and membrane-bound receptors. Normally, soluble immune mediators help maintain and restore health after pathological events, but sometimes their dysregulation causes pathology instead. SARS-CoV-2 infection impacts many of these soluble immune mediators and, through them, many physiological processes. Thus, dysregulated shifts in the concentration of some of these molecules could be playing a significant role in COVID-19 severity and mortality..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
04/14/2023
Innate Immunity Barriers
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CC BY-NC-ND
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The simplest way to avoid infection is to prevent microorganisms gaining access to the body. The skin has an external coating of dead cells (cuticle) that, when intact, is impermeable to most infectious agents as very few pathogens are capable of penetrating the thick stratified squamous epithelium of the skin (and lower urinary tract).

Subject:
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
WikiVet
Provider Set:
Blood
Date Added:
02/11/2015
Lung function and microbiota diversity in cystic fibrosis
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lung disorder affecting more than 70,000 people worldwide. Genetic mutations leading to defective fluid clearance in the lungs cause progressive airway damage. The most life-threatening challenge in patients with CF is chronic infections, which cause severe airway inflammation. Monitoring these infections could help doctors track patients’ health, informing treatment decisions. Unfortunately, current infection surveillance techniques provide a limited picture of the full spectrum of lung microbes in CF. A new study aimed to more fully define the lower airway bacterial microbiota in patients with CF. Using high-throughput sequencing, researchers evaluated sputum samples from 299 patients from Europe and the U.S. The results showed that microbiota diversity decreased when lung function declined..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
05/04/2020
Molecular and Cellular Pathophysiology (BE.450)
Conditional Remix & Share Permitted
CC BY-NC-SA
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This course focuses on the fundamentals of tissue and organ response to injury from a molecular and cellular perspective. There is a special emphasis on disease states that bridge infection, inflammation, immunity, and cancer. The systems approach to pathophysiology includes lectures, critical evaluation of recent scientific papers, and student projects and presentations.
This term, we focus on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), chronic-active hepatitis, and hepatitis virus infections. In addition to lectures, students work in teams to critically evaluate and present primary scientific papers.

Subject:
Applied Science
Biology
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Life Science
Physical Science
Material Type:
Full Course
Provider:
MIT
Provider Set:
MIT OpenCourseWare
Author:
Schauer, David
Date Added:
02/01/2005
N6-methyladenosine: A multifunctional regulator of immunity
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"N6-methyl-adenosine (m⁶A) methylation is the most abundant epigenetic modification on mRNA and lncRNA. This modification is regulated by m⁶A writers, readers, and erasers, and its proper regulation is critical for innate and adaptive immunity, especially since m⁶A can play different roles depending on the transcript region, cell type, or specific regulators involved. For example, in the innate immune system, m⁶A can promote the antitumor and antiviral activity of NK cells. It can also activate disease- fighting M1 macrophages, reduce inflammation, and encourage dendritic cell maturation and activity. On the other hand, m⁶A can prevent dendritic cells from cross-presenting tumor antigens to prime T cells, hindering the antitumor response. In the adaptive immune system, m⁶A promotes T cell homeostasis but also suppresses T follicular helper cell development and it can either exacerbate or inhibit HIV-1 infection in CD4⁺ T cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
04/14/2023