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Alternative autophagy: Mechanisms and roles in different diseases
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Autophagy is an important cellular recycling process that degrades misfolded proteins and damaged organelles. In typical (“canonical”) autophagy, membranes derived from the endoplasmic reticulum surround damaged materials that need to be degraded, and the proteins Atg5 and Atg7 help form specialized digestion compartments (autophagosomes), but another type of autophagy, called alternative autophagy, was recently discovered. In alternative autophagy, the membranes that envelop the damaged materials are derived from the trans-Golgi membrane, and Atg5 and Atg7 do not participate in autophagosome formation. Alternative autophagy seems to be activated primarily under conditions of cell stress, and it plays roles in many diseases, such as heart disease, neurodegenerative disease, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and bacterial infection..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
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Diagram/Illustration
Reading
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Research Square
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Date Added:
05/18/2022
Diarrhea alters the mucin O-glycan profile of the colonic mucosal barrier in piglets
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Diarrhea kills hundreds of thousands of children each year, making it one of the leading causes of childhood mortality. It’s also rampant in the livestock industry, where it causes huge losses. Diarrhea can be induced or facilitated by disruption of the gut microbiome at the colonic mucosal barrier. However, the contributions of abnormalities in barrier components called mucin O-glycans remain unclear. To learn more, researchers recently investigated the changes in microbiota- associated mucin O-glycans in a piglet post-weaning diarrhea model. Diarrhea (D) altered the structure of the colon mucus layer and changed the O-glycan profile. For example, it reduced the abundance of acidic O- glycans while increasing that of truncated O-glycans. Subsequent changes in the microbiota disrupted barrier function, which increased inflammation and ultimately impaired piglet growth..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
04/14/2023
PI3K/Akt signaling disruption affects autophagy in dystrophin-deficient myoblasts
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), lack of the protein dystrophin impairs autophagy and drastically disrupts myotube development. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is a vital autophagy-regulating pathway that also participates in skeletal muscle differentiation. However, the precise disruption of this pathway in the context of DMD remains unclear. To clarify the mechanism, researchers recently performed protein profiling on dystrophin-deficient myoblasts. The deficient (dfd13) myoblasts were not able to achieve terminal differentiation. They also exhibited strongly increased PTEN expression and perturbed PI3K/Akt/mTOR regulation. In addition, rictor-mTORC2 was inactivated, which caused FoxO3 misregulation and ultimately increased autophagy-related gene activation. Autophagosome formation was excessive in the dystrophin-deficient myoblasts; however, subsequent LC3B-I to LC3B-II conversion and autophagic flux were decreased, consistent with the known autophagy disruption in DMD..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
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Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
03/01/2022
Repairing autophagy to fight brain cancer using miRNAs
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Autophagy is the process by which healthy cells degrade and recycle waste material. Researchers are finding that this vital function is interrupted in different forms of cancer, including brain cancer. A new review describes how researchers are repairing broken autophagy pathways in tumors using microRNAs, or miRNAs. miRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes— including autophagy. Understanding the molecular targets of miRNAs and their function is crucial, as it could lead to the development of new therapies for patients with brain tumors..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
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Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
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Date Added:
10/30/2020
mTORC2: A multifaceted regulator of intracellular degradation and recycling
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Autophagy is an essential intracellular recycling and degradation process. Dysfunction of autophagy is associated with diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disease. Some of these diseases don’t have effective treatments, underscoring the need for a thorough understanding of autophagy regulation. The protein complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 are both autophagy regulators. mTORC1’s inhibitory effect on autophagy is well described, but mTORC2’s role is more complex and less understood. For example, mTORC2 can suppress autophagy by activating the proteins AKT and SGK-1. For example, mTORC2 can suppress autophagy by activating the proteins AKT and SGK-1, but promote autophagy by activating the protein PKCα. The activity of mTORC2 itself can also be modulated by upstream factors such as nutrients and intracellular signals and through positive and negative feedback mechanisms involving insulin, mTORC1, and other molecules..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Biology
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
04/14/2023