chapter_12_outline

Chapter 12: Diversity of Life

12.1: Organizing Life on Earth

1. All life on Earth evolved from a common ancestor.

1. How do biologists map how organisms are related to each other?

1. ____________________________________________________________

1. A phylogeny - _____________________________________________________
2. Systematics - ______________________________________________________

1. The Levels of Classification

1. Taxonomy - __________________________________________________________________
2. Explain what is meant that the taxonomic classification system uses a hierarchical model.
3. List the three domains

1. ______________, _________________, and __________________
2. Each domain contains several ________________________.
3. Within kingdoms the subsequent categories of increasing specificity are:

1. _____________________
2. _____________________
3. _____________________
4. ______________________
5. ______________________
6. ______________________

1. Using Figure 12.3 list the classification levels for the domestic dog

1. Kingdom - _______________
2. Phylum - _________________
3. Class - ___________________
4. Order - ___________________
5. Family - __________________
6. Genus - __________________
7. Species - __________________

1. What is meant by the term binomial nomenclature?

1. What is the scientific name of the domestic dog?

1. In the taxonomic classification system in which categories do dogs and cats belong?

1. Classification and Phylogeny

1. A phylogenetic tree is - _____________________________________________
2. ______________   ________________ are used to construct phylogenetic trees.
3. A _________________  _________________ represents where a single lineage evolved into distinct new ones.
4. When two lineages originate from the same branch point, they are called:
5. List three examples of sister taxa using figure 12.4 as a guide.

1. Limitations of Phylogenetic Trees

1. T or F: The more closely related two organisms are the more they look alike?
2. T or F: The branches on phylogenetic trees provide information about the timing between evolutionary events?
3. T or F: Two groups that are not closely related but evolve under similar conditions may appear more like each other than to a close relative.

12.2: Determining Evolutionary Relationships

1. Two Measures of Similarity

1. Features that overlap both morphologically and genetically are __________________________________ structures. Examples include forelimbs of different vertebrates.
2. Misleading Appearances

1. Characteristics that are similar due to convergence and not because of a close evolutionary relationship are called __________________________ structures.  Examples include wings of a bird and of an insect.
2. T or F: Homologous traits share an evolutionary path that led to the development of that trait, and analogous traits do not.

1. Molecular Comparisons

1. Briefly explain what molecular systematics is.
2. Molecular characters can include differences in the _______  _________ sequence of a protein, differences in the ___________ _____________ ________________ of a gene, or differences in the _______________ of a gene.
3. Phylogenies based on _________________   ______________ assume that the more similar the sequences are in two organisms, the more closely related they are.
4. Different genes change evolutionary at (similar/different) rates.
5. Rapidly evolving sequences are useful for determining the ____________________ between distantly related species.
6. To determine the relationships between very different species such as Eukarya and Archaea, the genes used must be very ____________, ____________  _______________  __________ that are present in both groups.
7. T or F: Comparing phylogenetic trees using different sequences and finding them similar builds confidence in the inferred relationships.
8. T or F: Two segments in DNA in distantly related organisms may randomly share a high percentage of bases in the same locations, which may cause these organisms to appear closely related.
9. T or F: The fruit fly and the human being share more than 50% of their DNA.

1. Building Phylogenetic Trees

1. Cladistics –
2. Clades –
3. Monophyletic group –
4. Shared Characteristics

1. List the three assumptions of cladistics.

1. ______________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________

1. Shared ancestral character –
2. Shared derived character –

1. Choosing the Right Relationships

1. Maximum parsimony –