This presentation aims to increase the students’ knowledge about environmental epidemiology, by introducing different study designs used to study health effects of exposure to outdoor air pollution. All study designs are illustrated by examples, starting with the Great Smog (Killer Fog) of London in 1952, one of the landmarks in environmental epidemiology.

Nearly one third of the world’s population are exposed to high levels of indoor air pollution from the household’s use of solid fuel. The fuel is mainly biomass burning under poor combustion conditions
in open fires or primitive stoves and with low ventilation. This costs more than 4 million lives every year and enormous suffering in particular among women and children.

What is air pollution? What is it in the air that is harmful? This lecture focuses on air pollution, where it occur, and how it spread.

In this presentation, we will describe the global levels and trends in major air pollutants and related health burden. Air pollution is an important global risk factor for disease. People who live in more polluted areas develop more often chronic and infectious disease and die prematurely as compared to people living in areas with low air pollution.

In large part of the World, people spend more than 90 percent of the time in indoor environments, where air quality is important for health. The environment outside the building, what goes on inside the building and the exchange of air pollutants affects the indoor air. Tight buildings can reduce energy consumption and entry of outdoor air pollutants, but unless ventilation is right indoor air pollutants from combustion processes, dampness, microbes, the dwellers bio effluents,
appliances, care and cleaning products, clothing, furniture, building materials, the underground and many other sources will build up indoors causing important health effects.

In this presentation, we will discuss how we can know whether one individual is more susceptible to harmful effect of air pollution than others are. Everyone is exposed, but some groups may be more susceptible to the harmful effect of air pollution than others may.

In this lecture, we will describe the mechanisms by which air pollution causes pulmonary health effects in the human population. The pulmonary health effects include exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), increased risk of lower
respiratory tracts infections and lung cancer.

In this presentation, we will describe the mechanisms by which air pollution causes health effects in other parts of the body than the lungs. In continuation of this, we will discuss the important mechanisms of extra pulmonary health effect.

There is a long way before the whole world complies with the WHO guidelines for air quality, but the enormous burden of disease from outdoor air pollution forces us to increase action to come as far as possible. In continuation of this, we will discuss what we can do about air pollution at global, international, national, city and individual levels. Most of the actions to reduce air pollution also mitigates climate change and/or promote health in other ways – so there are many win-win and
win-win-win situations

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Since its appearance in late 2019, COVID-19 has caused well over one million deaths worldwide. Large-scale testing and contact tracing remain critical for controlling viral spread. Complying with the US CDC and WHO protocols for sample collection requires a ready supply of inexpensive swabs and collection reagents. Unfortunately, CDC-approved clinical-grade sampling supplies are expensive, and additionally, current methods prevent further analysis of the microbiome due to the presence of antibiotics in viral transport media. Researchers sought out new testing supplies in a recent study comparing five consumer-grade swabs and one clinical-grade swab. They found that using 95% ethanol instead of viral transfer media reduced RNase activity, preserving samples for microbiome analysis, and extracting directly from the swab head instead of the surrounding liquid resulted in 2-4x higher RNA recovery than the clinical standard..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This classroom activity introduces students to Antarctica's organisms, landscapes, and seascapes. After examining the images in the photo gallery, students work in small groups to discuss their conclusions about the living conditions on this continent. The printable three-page handout includes a series of questions to help students structure their thoughts while viewing the gallery images and a group worksheet that guides students through a discussion of their evolving hypotheses and conclusions.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Antimicrobial resistance is a looming threat to global health. As a result, the livestock industry is moving away from using antibiotics in feed to enhance growth. But this shift may have led to increased rates of systemic infections and reduced production efficiency. Alternatives for antibiotic growth promotants (AGPs) are needed, but the mechanism behind the efficiency of AGPs is largely unknown. So, a recent study systematically evaluated the composition and function of the chicken gut microbial community in response to AGPs. The impact of AGPs was dependent on the birds' age and diet as well as the intestinal sampling location. Overall, AGPs had a limited impact on the abundances of specific microbial groups but did shift which groups were influential and exclude others. The chicken gut microbiome functionally responded to AGPs by changing the expression of multiple pathways, including by increasing expression of cell wall formation and antimicrobial resistance mechanism genes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Here you can find web lectures on Global Child Health. The first presentation gives an overview of the historical development, describing the "child survival revolution" and the challenges we see today. The following web lectures describe more in detail different interventions that could save lives and improve childhood development. THe web lectures can be used all together or seperately.You will also find PDF-files with teh presentation slides here.

Here you can find web lectures discussing different aspects of health systems thinking.The first lecture is about the WHO health system building blocks, outlining this theoretical framework compromising of Leadership/Governance, Health workforce, Medical technologies, Financing, Information and Service delivery.The second lecture gives a historical background to the development and thinking aboiut health systems, outlining the different approaches over the past decades.The third lecture is on health financing and how this can be organised.The web lectures can be used seperately or as a package. You will also find pdf-files with the correponding powerpoint presentations

This series looks at the Oxford Martin School's academics and how their research is making a difference to our global future. The series will be of interest to people who are concerned about the future for the planet, how civilisation will adapt to emerging problems and issues such as climate change, over population, increased urbanisation of populations and the creation of vaccines to fight against future pandemics. The Oxford Martin School academics explain their various research topics in an accessible and thoughtful way and try to find practical solutions to these issues.

Health technology innovation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including countries in Africa, falls far short of meeting the healthcare needs of these settings. The result is a heavy reliance on products and technologies imported from industrialised countries that are often not suited to, or sustainable for, LMICs.

Appropriate healthcare products for LMICs are best developed in these countries, where local knowledge and understanding of needs, context and available resources may be incorporated into designs and implementation plans. The objectives for enabling health technology development in LMICs include: 1) expanding the base of expertise through research training programmes with a problem-solving focus; 2) stimulating new knowledge, approaches and solutions by enabling innovation; and 3) integrating research communities within and across institutions to build critical mass.

The field of biomedical engineering is central to health technology innovation. This book is a response to the need for biomedical engineering capacity in Africa. It is grounded in the African context. It serves as a resource for academics and students in biomedical engineering, for those interested in entering the field in any capacity and for practitioners at every stage of product development. University leaders intent on establishing new biomedical engineering programmes or departments, may draw on the content for guidance on structuring their offerings. The book reaches beyond Africa, as it is relevant to other LMIC settings, and provides insights to guide global health initiatives focused on technology innovation.

In this lesson, students will examine raw documentary footage, demographic charts, television news stories, and song lyrics to connect the sounds of early Hip Hop to the substandard living conditions in American inner cities in the late 1970s, particularly the Bronx in New York City. Students will compose their own verses to Grandmaster Flash's "The Message," to be followed up with a research-driven writing assignment to further explore the urban environment depicted in the landmark song.

Introduction to Health OER Textbooks

TABLE OF CONTENTS
About this Book
1: Introduction to Health and Wellness
1.1: Dimensions of Wellness
1.2: Healthy People 2020
1.3: Major Health Concerns
1.4: Risk Factors and Levels of Disease Prevention
1.5: Behavior Change and Goal Setting
2: Exercise and Physical Activity
2.1: Health Benefits of Physical Activity
2.2: Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults
2.3: Developing a Personal Exercise Program
3: Nutrition
3.1: Nutrition Basics
3.2: Dietary Guidelines for Americans
3.3: Disease Risk and Nutrition
3.4: Nutrition Facts Label
3.5: Organic Foods
4: Weight Management
4.1: Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity
4.2: Balancing Calories
4.3: Measuring Obesity
4.4: Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity
5: Stress Management
5.1: Stress Overview
5.2: Yerkes-Dodson Law
5.3: The Stress Response
5.4: Health Effects of Stress
5.5: Managing Stress
6: Emotional and Mental Health
6.1: Mental Health Overview
6.2: Psychological Constructs
6.3: Anxiety Disorders
6.4: Depression
6.5: Suicide Prevention
6.6: Eating Disorders
2
7: Alcohol and Tobacco
7.1: Alcohol Facts
7.2: Health Effects of Alcohol Abuse
7.3: Rethinking Drinking
7.4: Tobacco Use
7.5: Quitting Smoking
8: Drugs and Addiction
8.1: Understanding Drug Use and Addiction
8.2: Health Effects of Drug Abuse
8.3: Consequences of Drug Abuse
8.4: Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction
8.5: Synthetic Drugs
9: Unintentional Injuries and Violence
9.1: Unintentional Injuries
9.2: Intentional Injuries- Violence
9.3: Intimate Partner Violence
10: Relationships, Sexuality, and Contraception
10.1: Healthy Relationships
10.2: Love and Attraction Theory
10.3: Effective Communication
10.4: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
10.5: LGBT Health
10.6: Contraception
11: Immune System, Infectious Diseases, and STD’s/STI’s
11.1: The Immune System
11.2: STD’s/STI’s
12: Cardiovascular Disease
12.1: The Cardiovascular System
12.2: Cardiovascular Diseases
12.3: Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
13: Cancer
13.1: Cancer Overview
13.2: Types of Cancer
13.3: Risk Factors for Cancer
13.4: Cancer Prevention
14: Environmental Wellness- A Healthy Planet
14.1: The Importance of a Healthy Planet
14.2: The Impact of the Environment on Public Health
14.3: Creating a Healthier Planet

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, continues to course through communities around the world. While researchers have learned enough about the virus to build defenses, much remains unknown about how SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the immune system to cause disease. One promising target researchers are exploring is a process known as “T cell exhaustion.” During infection, disease-fighting T cells are recruited to areas where inflammation is taking place. These cells are virus-specific and represent one of the most critical defenses against SARS-CoV-2. Some patients with COVID-19, however, show significantly reduced T cell counts, impairing their ability to fight the disease. Although it’s unclear how T cell exhaustion occurs, numerous potential biomarkers of this process do exist. Among these is the protein PD-1, which helps T cells identify cells as friend or foe..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This course explores successful approaches to delivering healthcare in challenging settings. We analyze organizations to find why some fall short while others grow in size and contribute to the health of the people they serve, and explore promising business models and social enterprise innovations.