The information provided on this website is designed to assist the extramural community in addressing rigor and transparency in NIH grant applications and progress reports. Scientific rigor and transparency in conducting biomedical research is key to the successful application of knowledge toward improving health outcomes.

Definition Scientific rigor is the strict application of the scientific method to ensure unbiased and well-controlled experimental design, methodology, analysis, interpretation and reporting of results.

Goals The NIH strives to exemplify and promote the highest level of scientific integrity, public accountability, and social responsibility in the conduct of science. Grant applications instructions and the criteria by which reviewers are asked to evaluate the scientific merit of the application are intended to:
• ensure that NIH is funding the best and most rigorous science,
• highlight the need for applicants to describe details that may have been previously overlooked,
• highlight the need for reviewers to consider such details in their reviews through updated review language, and
• minimize additional burden.

This book was written by undergraduate students at The Ohio State University (OSU) who were enrolled in the class Introduction to Environmental Science. The chapters describe some of Earth's major environmental challenges and discuss ways that humans are using cutting-edge science and engineering to provide sustainable solutions to these problems.

Short Description:
The second volume of the Environmental ScienceBites book was authored by 30 unique undergraduate students enrolled in the course Introduction to Environmental Science at The Ohio State University. The book highlights both articles and posters describing critical environmental issues important to the first-time authors.

Long Description:
The second volume of the Environmental ScienceBites book was authored by 30 unique undergraduate students enrolled in the course Introduction to Environmental Science at The Ohio State University. Chapters explore 1) invasive species, 2) human-wildlife conflict, 3) pollution, 4) climate change, and 5) sustainability. The second volume highlights both articles and posters describing critical environmental issues important to the first-time authors. We hope that the text channels the students’ enthusiasm for solving environmental challenges and is an inspiration for resource conservation and sustainable solutions.

Word Count: 50605

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An IDIS302 Coursebook

Word Count: 123150

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This course offers an introduction to ethics in business, with a focus on business management. Students explore theoretical concepts in business ethics, and cases representing the challenges they will likely face as managers. There is opportunity to work with guest faculty as well as business and other professional practitioners. Individual class sessions take the form of moderated discussion, with occasional short lectures from the instructor.

Students' moral education appears increasingly necessary in our days, as the cultural and moral frame of modern life has compressed moral values like respect, personal and social responsibility, fairness, solidarity, tolerance, acceptance of diversity. The development of moral-active citizen is considered as main objective in policies of European Union and United Nations Organization, so that intense moral decline phenomena of our days could be faced. Socrates argued that “Virtue is teachable”, since parameters of moral character such as empathy, collaboration culture, problem solving skills are being developed throughout all our lifespam.
Sport engagement often emphasizes in cognitive and kinetic skills overlooking social, sentimental and psychological skills. Thus, just participating in sport does not necessarily promote moral development. Consequently, sport programs have to incorporate strategies directed at the development of moral values and moral reasoning.
Social scientists argue that, it is not possible to develop personal and social responsibility in students, just by oral instructions. Only “learn-by-doing” methods could help students transfer the developed skills, in different contexts of their lives.
Physical Education has been an outstanding setting for applying moral development strategies, due to the opportunities it provides for reflection, role playing, responsibility building, solidarity and collaboration culture. For this reason, over the past two decades, moral development programs were applied in Physical Education, such as Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility Model (T.P.S.R.) and the Sport Education Model (S.E.M.). Solidarity, honesty, fairness, responsibility, collaboration, respect of self and others, are moral values that should be strengthened during a school PE session.
“Evathlon” could be described as an educational program aiming in developing those moral values, in the context of school Physical Education. By triggering students’ critical thinking and critical judgment on earlier experiences, as well as by engaging them in specifically planned sport experiences, morality development is sought.
Program’s main objective is to have a positive impact on students’ social behavior during sport events, as well as in other contexts of their social life. Educative interventions in the setting of school football events have been planned to gradually develop K7 to K9 students’ morality.
Being based on social cognitive theory and on structural learning theory, the interventions combine above-mentioned theories to provide better social interaction and develop moral reasoning in an optimal way. Students are being inspired and motivated by their “sport role models" using interactive tools (e.g. videos, word
clouds, quizzes, comics) in asynchronous e-learning environment (LMS Edmodo) and then during school football events they experience in practice respect in rules, interact, develop social skills, confront moral dilemma situations and cultivate their moral reasoning.
Physical Education and school sport events constitute ideal environments for experiential and moral dilemma situations, under conditions of safe and moderate competition. Moreover, football is a sport of moderate bodily contact, offering lots of occasions for social interactions that increase the potential of positive, as well as antisocial and illegitimate behaviors.
'Evathlon' innovates, as by using blended learning techniques, gives students a central role in the educational process, developing their experiences and facilitating their team-based approach to knowledge. Sport role models and specially designed “learn-by-doing” experiences promote the adoption of desirable fair play
behaviors.
Decisive for fulfilling the aim of Evathlon sport program, is the carefully designed educational process, which actively involves students in all stages, thus strengthening their engagement in it, providing opportunities for critical reflection, role playing, problem solving and adoption of “desirable behaviors”.
At the same time, program planning permits its feasible adjustment in the context of any individual or team sport. Its positive effect in the improvement of student social behavior is expected to be significant, confirming the effectiveness of the intervention and prompting its extensive adaptation in other teaching areas that have been outlined for school Physical Education.

The author's goals in writing Exploring Business were simple: (1) introduce students to business in an exciting way and (2) provide faculty with a fully developed teaching package that allows them to do the former. Toward those ends, the following features are included in this text:1- Integrated (Optional) Nike Case Study: A Nike case study is available for instructors who wish to introduce students to business using an exciting and integrated case. Through an in-depth study of a real company, students learn about the functional areas of business and how these areas fit together. Studying a dynamic organization on a real-time basis allows students to discover the challenges that it faces, and exposes them to critical issues affecting the business, such as globalization, ethics and social responsibility, product innovation, diversity, supply chain management, and e-business.2- A Progressive (Optional) Business Plan: Having students develop a business plan in the course introduces students to the excitement and challenges of starting a business and helps them discover how the functional areas of business interact. This textbook package includes an optionalintegrated business plan project modeled after one refined by the author and her teaching team over the past ten years.3- AACSB Emphasis: The text provides end-of-chapter questions, problems, and cases that ask students to do more than regurgitate information. Most require students to gather information, assess a situation, think about it critically, and reach a conclusion. Each chapter presents ten Questions and Problems as well as five cases on areas of skill and knowledge endorsed by AACSB: Learning on the Web, Career Opportunities, The Ethics Angle, Team-Building Skills, and The Global View. More than 70% of end-of-chapter items help students build skills in areas designated as critical by AACSB, including analytical skills, ethical awareness and reasoning abilities, multicultural understanding and globalization, use of information technology, and communications and team oriented skills. Each AACSB inspired exercise is identified by an AACSB tag and a note indicating the relevant skill area.4- Author-Written Instructor Manual (IM): For the past eleven years, Karen Collins has been developing, coordinating and teaching (to over 3,500 students) an Introduction to Business course. Sections of the course have been taught by a mix of permanent faculty, graduate students, and adjuncts.

Canadian Edition

Short Description:
An introductory textbook in business that covers a variety of topics: The Foundation of Business, Economics and Business, Ethics and Social Responsibility, Business in a Global Environment, Forms of Business Ownership, Entrepreneurship: Starting a Business, Management and Leadership, Structuring Organizations, Operations Management, Motivating Employees, Management Human Resources, Union/Management Issues, Marketing: Providing Value, Accounting and Financial Information, and Personal Finances.

Word Count: 102065

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

An introductory textbook in business that covers a variety of topics: The Foundations of Business, Economics and Business, Ethics and Social Responsibility, Business in a Global Environment, Forms of Business Ownership, Entrepreneurship: Starting a Business, Management and Leadership, Structuring Organizations, Operations Management, Motivating Employees, Managing Human Resources, Union/Management Issues, Marketing: Providing Value, Accounting and Financial Information, and Personal Finances.

Canadian Edition

Short Description:
There is also a NSCC Adapted Edition: NSCC Fundamentals of Business. An introductory textbook in business that covers a variety of topics: The Foundation of Business, Economics and Business, Ethics and Social Responsibility, Business in a Global Environment, Forms of Business Ownership, Entrepreneurship: Starting a Business, Management and Leadership, Structuring Organizations, Operations Management, Motivating Employees, Management Human Resources, Union/Management Issues, Marketing: Providing Value, Accounting and Financial Information, and Personal Finances.

Word Count: 102065

ISBN: 978-1-77897-017-7

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Fundamentals of Business, fourth edition (2023) is an 434-page open education resource intended to serve as a no-cost, faculty-customizable primary text for one-semester undergraduate introductory business courses. It covers the following topics in business: Teamwork; economics; ethics; entrepreneurship; business ownership, management, and leadership; organizational structures and operations management; human resources and motivating employees; managing in labor union contexts; marketing and pricing strategy; hospitality and tourism, accounting and finance, personal finances, and technology in business. The textbook was designed for use in Virginia Tech’s Pamplin College of Business introductory level business course, MGT1104 Foundations of Business and is shared under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial ShareAlike 4.0 license.

The main landing page for this book is: https://doi.org/10.21061/fundamentalsofbusiness4e

An online, interactive, accessible version of this book is available at: https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/fundamentalsofbusiness4e

Information for Instructors
If you are an instructor reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook, please help us understand your use by filling out this form http://bit.ly/business-interest.

If you are an instructor seeking supplementary resources for teaching, please join the listserv for this book and the instructor resource sharing portal.

Class slides are available for this book: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105157
A testbank is available by request for this book: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93404 Please note that the testbank does not at this point reflect changes made between the third and fourth editions. The testbank is available to any instructor who has adopted Fundamentals of Business in their course. Please note that there are THREE steps in the test bank request process.

Where to Find the Book
Permanent handle: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/111385 (PDF, epub, and other versions)
URL: https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/fundamentalsofbusiness4e (HTML eBook-Pressbooks)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/fundamentalsofbusiness4e (PDF, epub, and other versions)
ISBN 978-1-957213-24-8 (print-color) Order here https://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-Business-Color-4th-Poff/dp/1957213248
ISBN 978-1-957213-25-5 (print-black & white) Order here https://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-Business-black-white-4th/dp/1957213256
ISBN 978-1-957213-21-7 (ebook-PDF)
ISBN 978-1-957213-23-1 (HTML eBook-Pressbooks)
ISBN 978-1-957213-22-4 (epub)

Instructors reviewing, selecting or adapting the text are encouraged to register their use at http://bit.ly/business-interest in order to stay up to date regarding new volumes and editions, supplements, newly issued print versions, errata, and collaborative development or research opportunities. You may submit comments or report errors using this form http://bit.ly/business-feedback. Additional suggestions or feedback may be submitted via email at: publishing@vt.edu

This work is published by Pamplin College of Business in association with Virginia Tech Publishing. Funding and technical assistance for this project was provided by the University Libraries' Open Education Initiative.

Accessibility notice Virginia Tech Publishing is committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The Pressbooks (HTML) and ePub versions of this text are tagged structurally and include alternative text, which allows for machine readability.

What’s new? This version of the book, the Fourth Edition, improves upon the 2016, 2018, and 2020 editions. Improvements include:
- Data updates
- Updated graphics and photos;
- Added interactive, live-data graphs to the online version for key economic indicators in Chapter 3: Economics and Business;
- Reorganized and added significant additional content to Chapter 4: Ethics and Social Responsibility;
- Renamed and substantially expanded content in Chapter 7: Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development;
- Added additional content to chapters 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, and 17;
- Addition of completely new chapter — Chapter 19: Technology in Business;
A detailed list of changes by chapter is available in Version Notes at the back of the book.

Features of the book. Each chapter lists learning objectives at the beginning of the chapter and key takeaways at the end of the chapter. The Pressbooks version of this book also includes interactive self-quizzing.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Teamwork in Business
Chapter 2: The Foundations of Business
Chapter 3: Economics and Business
Chapter 4: Ethics and Social Responsibility
Chapter 5: Business in a Global Environment
Chapter 6: Forms of Business Ownership
Chapter 7: Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development
Chapter 8: Management and Leadership
Chapter 9: Structuring Organizations
Chapter 10: Operations Management
Chapter 11: Motivating Employees
Chapter 12: Managing Human Resources
Chapter 13: Union/Management Issues
Chapter 14: Marketing: Providing Value to Customers
Chapter 15: Pricing Strategy
Chapter 16: Hospitality and Tourism
Chapter 17: Accounting and Financial Information
Chapter 18: Personal Finances
Chapter 19: Technology in Business

How to cite this book
Ron Poff (2023). Fundamentals of Business, 4th Edition, Blacksburg: Pamplin College of Business. https://doi.org/10.21061/fundamentalsofbusiness4e. Licensed with CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0.

About the Author
About the Previous Author
Fundamentals of Business, 4th edition is adapted from a work produced and distributed under a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution. We wish to extend our gratitude to the original author for portions of her book which were remixed and adapted to form portions of Chapters 1-15 and 17-18 of Fundamentals of Business. If the publisher and author are both willing to allow us to provide attribution to the author while retaining use of the Creative Commons license and continuing to provide free public access, we will gladly and publicly thank the original author here.

About Ron Poff
Ron Poff is Assistant Professor of Management Practice in the Management Department at Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech, where he teaches management courses. He began his career as an enlisted member of the US Navy Reserves before entering his primary career in supply chain operations then sales and marketing, where he served in executive roles with large corporations for over 25 years. As an entrepreneur, he then founded his own marketing agency. His education includes a B.S. in Business Management, M.S. Marketing, and a Graduate Certificate in eMarketing.

About Stephen Skripak
Stephen J. Skripak is retired Professor of Practice in Management at Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech (2005 - 2021) and former Associate Dean for Graduate Programs (2006-2014). He is a senior executive with 25 years of business leadership experience, including positions as General Manager and Chief Financial Officer with divisions of Fortune 500 companies. His background includes financial services, consumer packaged goods, apparel, and industrial companies, with emphasis in turnaround situations. He was the lead contributor and subject matter expert for the 2016 and 2018 editions of Fundamentals of Business, and reviewed the 2020 and 2023 versions of the book.

Contributors
Lead Contributor: Ron Poff
Contributors to the Fourth Edition: Howard Haines, John Andy Travers
Managing Editor: Anita Walz
Editorial Assistant, Graphic Design, and Production Manager: Kindred Grey
Past reviewers/contributors: Anastasia Cortes, Jonathan De Pena, Lisa R. Fournier, Lauren Holt, Nina Lindsay, Katie Manning, Sarah Mease, Richard Parsons, Sachi Soni, Michael Stamper, Gary Walton, and Blake Warner

Have you seen a Clean Coal baseball cap? In the challenge to meet soaring energy demand with limited resources, volatile issues like those related to the environment, national security and public health are often addressed outside of normal market transactions and are called externalities, or nonmarket factors. Stakeholders can act in resourceful ways to create a nonmarket environment that best serves their interest. A firm may challenge a law that makes it expensive or difficult to do business or compete with others, for example. An individual may organize a boycott of products or services that violate the individual's interests or principles--hey, don't buy from them! Nonmarket strategy in the energy sector is the subject of this engaging course.

The ocean's resources are slowly being depleted. This curriculum examines the issue of overfishing and its impact on both the environment and human life. In developing sustainable solutions, the students address the driving question: "How can we as youth, sustain the future of the world's ocean through our actions today?"

Short Description:
Return to milneopentextbooks.org to download PDF and other versions of this textNewParaThis textbook provides an innovative, internationally oriented approach to the teaching of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics. Drawing on case studies involving companies and countries around the world, the textbook explores the social, ethical, and business dynamics underlying CSR in such areas as global warming, genetically modified organisms (GMO) in food production, free trade and fair trade, anti-sweatshop and living-wage movements, organic foods and textiles, ethical marketing practices and codes, corporate speech and lobbying, and social enterprise. The book is designed to encourage students and instructors to challenge their own assumptions and prejudices by stimulating a class debate based on each case study.

Long Description:
This textbook provides an innovative, internationally oriented approach to the teaching of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics. Drawing on case studies involving companies and countries around the world, the textbook explores the social, ethical, and business dynamics underlying CSR in such areas as global warming, genetically modified organisms (GMO) in food production, free trade and fair trade, anti-sweatshop and living-wage movements, organic foods and textiles, ethical marketing practices and codes, corporate speech and lobbying, and social enterprise. The book is designed to encourage students and instructors to challenge their own assumptions and prejudices by stimulating a class debate based on each case study.

Word Count: 96697

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

This textbook provides an innovative, internationally oriented approach to the teaching of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics. Drawing on case studies involving companies and countries around the world, the textbook explores the social, ethical, and business dynamics underlying CSR in such areas as global warming, genetically modified organisms (GMO) in food production, free trade and fair trade, anti-sweatshop and living-wage movements, organic foods and textiles, ethical marketing practices and codes, corporate speech and lobbying, and social enterprise. The book is designed to encourage students and instructors to challenge their own assumptions and prejudices by stimulating a class debate based on each case study.

This textbook provides an innovative, internationally oriented approach to the teaching of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics. Drawing on case studies involving companies and countries around the world, the textbook explores the social, ethical, and business dynamics underlying CSR in such areas as global warming, genetically modified organisms (GMO) in food production, free trade and fair trade, anti-sweatshop and living-wage movements, organic foods and textiles, ethical marketing practices and codes, corporate speech and lobbying, and social enterprise. The book is designed to encourage students and instructors to challenge their own assumptions and prejudices by stimulating a class debate based on each case study.

The Green Design Challenge is to brainstorm, prototype and present a design idea for a social entrepreneurship project focusing on green design that meets the design principles. Photo examples from ISKME's Teacher Innovation Workshop are included.

The holidays are not always a joyful occasion, especially for those facing hardship or stress. In this activity, students share their feelings about the upcoming holidays and consider how they might provide some encouragement for those who are struggling.

This course analyzes seminal work directed at the development of a computational understanding of human intelligence, such as work on learning, language, vision, event representation, commonsense reasoning, self reflection, story understanding, and analogy. It reviews visionary ideas of Turing, Minsky, and other influential thinkers and examines the implications of work on brain scanning, developmental psychology, and cognitive psychology. There is an emphasis on discussion and analysis of original papers; students taking the graduate version complete additional exercises and a substantial term project.

Short Description:
This book explores business ethics and business law through the lens of Indigenous-settler relations in Canada (with a focus on British Columbia in particular). It aims to fill a gap in business curriculum and support instructors who want to bring Indigenous content into their classes. The book starts by exploring relevant history, focusing on treaties, legislation, and federal government policy. It then looks at business ethics and what it means for businesses to work ethically with Indigenous communities. And finally, the book discusses business law and the requirements and responsibilities for businesses doing work on Indigenous lands.

Word Count: 21811

ISBN: 978-1-77420-189-3

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)