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Keywords: HIV
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: This patient education program explains Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and how that turns into AIDS. It stresses risk factors, screening, and prevention. This is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.
- Subject:
Science and Technology
- Grade Level:
Post-secondary
- Collection:
H.E.A.L.
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) perform a critical role in the immune control of viral infections, including those caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). As a result, genetic variation at CTL epitopes is strongly influenced by host-specific selection for either escape from the immune response, or reversion due to the replicative costs of escape mutations in the absence of CTL recognition. Under strong CTL-mediated selection, codon positions within epitopes may immediately “toggle” in response to each host, such that genetic variation in the circulating virus population is shaped by rapid adaptation to immune variation in the host population. However, this hypothesis neglects the substantial genetic variation that accumulates in virus populations within hosts. Here, we evaluate this quantity for a large number of HIV-1– (n ≥ 3,000) and HCV-infected patients (n ≥ 2,600) by screening bulk RT-PCR sequences for sequencing “mixtures” (i.e., ambiguous nucleotides), which act as site-specific markers of genetic variation within each host. We find that nonsynonymous mixtures are abundant and significantly associated with codon positions under host-specific CTL selection, which should deplete within-host variation by driving the fixation of the favored variant. Using a simple model, we demonstrate that this apparently contradictory outcome can be explained by the transmission of unfavorable variants to new hosts before they are removed by selection, which occurs more frequently when selection and transmission occur on similar time scales. Consequently, the circulating virus population is shaped by the transmission rate and the disparity in selection intensities for escape or reversion as much as it is shaped by the immune diversity of the host population, with potentially serious implications for vaccine design.
- Subject:
Science and Technology
- Grade Level:
Post-secondary
- Collection:
SciVee
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: This is a discussion-based interactive seminar on the two major issues that affect Sub-Saharan Africa: HIV/AIDS and Poverty. AIDS and Poverty, seemingly different concepts, are more inter-related to each other in Africa than in any other continent. As MIT students, we feel it is important to engage ourselves in a dynamic discussion on the relation between the two - how to fight one and how to solve the other.
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: This module is intended to introduce students to one of the greatest social problems to face this planet, the global epidemic of HIV/AIDS and to increase their computer and research skills within sociology.
- Subject:
Social Sciences
- Grade Level:
Post-secondary
- Collection:
DataCounts!
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: Je luistert naar een reportage over de impact van aids op het onderwijs in Zambia. Nadien beantwoord je er een aantal vragen over, je legt een link tussen het audiofragment en een informatieve tekst en je plaatst een aantal statements in de juiste volgorde.
- Subject:
Humanities
- Grade Level:
Secondary
- Collection:
KlasCement
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: This multidisciplinary seminar addresses fundamental issues in global health faced by community-based healthcare programs in developing countries. Students will broadly explore topics with expert lecturers and guided readings. Topics will be further illuminated with case studies from healthcare programs in urban centers of Zambia. Multidisciplinary teams will be formed to develop feasible solutions to specific health challenges posed in the case studies and encouraged to pursue their ideas beyond the seminar. Possible global health topics include community-based AIDS/HIV management, maternity care, health diagnostics, and information technology in patient management and tracking. Students from Medicine, Public Health, Engineering, Management, and Social Sciences are encouraged to enroll. No specific background experience is expected, but students should have some relevant skills or experiences.
- Subject:
Science and Technology
- Grade Level:
Post-secondary
- Collection:
MIT OpenCourseWare
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: Background
Both food insufficiency and HIV infection are major public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa, yet the impact of food insufficiency on HIV risk behavior has not been systematically investigated. We tested the hypothesis that food insufficiency is associated with HIV transmission behavior.
Methods and Findings
We studied the association between food insufficiency (not having enough food to eat over the previous 12 months) and inconsistent condom use, sex exchange, and other measures of risky sex in a cross-sectional population-based study of 1,255 adults in Botswana and 796 adults in Swaziland using a stratified two-stage probability design. Associations were examined using multivariable logistic regression analyses, clustered by country and stratified by gender. Food insufficiency was reported by 32% of women and 22% of men over the previous 12 months. Among 1,050 women in both countries, after controlling for respondent characteristics including income and education, HIV knowledge, and alcohol use, food insufficiency was associated with inconsistent condom use with a nonprimary partner (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27–2.36), sex exchange (AOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.74–1.93), intergenerational sexual relationships (AOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.03–2.08), and lack of control in sexual relationships (AOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.24–2.28). Associations between food insufficiency and risky sex were much attenuated among men.
Conclusions
Food insufficiency is an important risk factor for increased sexual risk-taking among women in Botswana and Swaziland. Targeted food assistance and income generation programs in conjunction with efforts to enhance women's legal and social rights may play an important role in decreasing HIV transmission risk for women.
- Subject:
Science and Technology
- Grade Level:
Post-secondary
- Collection:
SciVee
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: The GlobaLink-Africa Curriculum Project is a school-year-long, multi-media, online curriculum resource for critical thinking about globalization and its relationship with Africa, Africans, and United States-Africa policy. The curriculum gives high school students a view of Africa and the world that is not accessible through conventional curriculum activities. The curriculum also provides enriching resources for teachers interested in globalization issues.
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: Objective: Study of cutaneous displays found during AIDS, spy of early diagnosis of disease.
- Subject:
Science and Technology
- Grade Level:
Post-secondary
- Collection:
SciVee
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: Although repeatedly exposed to HIV, Steve Crohn's blood cells were never infected. Dr. David Ho investigates in this video segment from NOVA: "Surviving AIDS."
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: In this episode of MicrobeWorld Video we ask some leading researchers, education specialists, and public health officials about the state of HIV/AIDS education in America and ideas they have to support the teaching of microbial evolution using the latest HIV/AIDS research all while instilling innovative prevention strategies. Filmed at a forum for educators on February, 11, 2008 at the Koshland Science Museum in Washington, D.C. and at San Diego State University, this episode features the following experts:Roland Wolkowicz, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, whose research focus is on the use of random peptide libraries and other chemical genetics approaches for the study of viral pathogenesis and the search of antiviral factors in HIV1 and HCV. Shannon Lee Hader, M.D., MPH, Director of the HIV/AIDS Administration for Washington, D.C., an epidemiologist and public health physician who has worked with HIV-infected children and adults in Brazil, Jamaica, and Zimbabwe. Anila Asghar, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Education at Johns Hopkins University, whose research focuses on curriculum development and evolution. Educational resources mentioned within the video can be found online at: Koshland Science Museum http://koshlandscience.org/teachers/webquest.jsp NIH Curriculum Guide http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/Diseases/default.htm Howard Hughes Medical Institute http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/ Please feel free to embed or distribute this video.
- Subject:
Science and Technology, Social Sciences
- Grade Level:
Post-secondary
- Collection:
SciVee
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: The intent of this course is to introduce students to basic tactics used by microbial pathogens to establish infectious diseases. As such, students should understand that most of the principles detailed in the course will be encountered several times during the next year of studies, particularly in the Infectious Diseases unit. The topics covered in this course deal selectively with important pathogens because Medical Microbiology will not be the only exposure of the student to infectious agents. As examples, HIV is only covered in two lectures, but you will have other opportunities to review the basics of disease caused by this virus.
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: Background
Binding of peptides to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules is the single most selective step in the recognition of pathogens by the cellular immune system. The human MHC class I system (HLA-I) is extremely polymorphic. The number of registered HLA-I molecules has now surpassed 1500. Characterizing the specificity of each separately would be a major undertaking.
Principal Findings
Here, we have drawn on a large database of known peptide-HLA-I interactions to develop a bioinformatics method, which takes both peptide and HLA sequence information into account, and generates quantitative predictions of the affinity of any peptide-HLA-I interaction. Prospective experimental validation of peptides predicted to bind to previously untested HLA-I molecules, cross-validation, and retrospective prediction of known HIV immune epitopes and endogenous presented peptides, all successfully validate this method. We further demonstrate that the method can be applied to perform a clustering analysis of MHC specificities and suggest using this clustering to select particularly informative novel MHC molecules for future biochemical and functional analysis.
Conclusions
Encompassing all HLA molecules, this high-throughput computational method lends itself to epitope searches that are not only genome- and pathogen-wide, but also HLA-wide. Thus, it offers a truly global analysis of immune responses supporting rational development of vaccines and immunotherapy. It also promises to provide new basic insights into HLA structure-function relationships. The method is available at http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetMHCpan.
- Subject:
Science and Technology
- Grade Level:
Post-secondary
- Collection:
SciVee
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: This patient education program reviews the different types of STDs (viral, bacterial, and parasitic) and their symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This resource is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.
- Subject:
Science and Technology
- Grade Level:
Post-secondary
- Collection:
H.E.A.L.
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: This patient education program reviews the different types of STDs (viral, bacterial, and parasitic) and their symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This resource is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.
- Subject:
Science and Technology
- Grade Level:
Post-secondary
- Collection:
H.E.A.L.
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: Introducing TakingITGlobal's official HIV/AIDS Youth Guide to Action! This comprehensive guide contains inspiring stories and useful resources for youth; all the necessary tools to help carry out your project, raise awareness, and help stop the spread of HIV/AIDS.
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: Students simulate the spread of a virus such as HIV through a population by "sharing" (but not drinking) the water in a plastic cup with several classmates. Although invisible, the water in a few of the cups will already be tainted with the "virus" (sodium carbonate). After all the students have shared their liquids, the contents of the cups will be tested for the virus with phenolphthalein, a chemical that causes a striking color change in the presence of sodium carbonate. Students will then set about trying to determine which of their classmates were the ones originally infected with the virus.
- Subject:
Science and Technology
- Grade Level:
Secondary
- Collection:
TeachEngineering
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: This course explores the specific ways by which microbes defeat our immune system and the molecular mechanisms that are under attack (phagocytosis, the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, MHC I/II antigen presentation). Through our discussion and dissection of the primary research literature, we will explore aspects of host-pathogen interactions. We will particularly emphasize the experimental techniques used in the field and how to read and understand research data. Technological advances in the fight against microbes will also be discussed, with specific examples. This course is one of many Advanced Undergraduate Seminars offered by the Biology Department at MIT. These seminars are tailored for students with an interest in using primary research literature to discuss and learn about current biological research in a highly interactive setting. Many instructors of the Advanced Undergraduate Seminars are postdoctoral scientists with a strong interest in teaching.
- Subject:
Science and Technology
- Grade Level:
Post-secondary
- Collection:
MIT OpenCourseWare
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: Teachers Without Borders' partner organization in Zambia, Project Educate, is working on incorporating the use of song, dance, poetry, brochures, skits, the media, print and electronic to meet the objectives.
- Subject:
Science and Technology
- Grade Level:
Post-secondary
- Collection:
Connexions
(Complete Item Description)
- Abstract: Students learn how viruses invade host cells and hijack the hosts' cell-reproduction mechanisms in order to make new viruses, which can in turn attack additional host cells. Students also learn how the immune system responds to a viral invasion, eventually defeating the viruses -- if all goes well. Finally, they consider the special case of HIV, in which the virus' host cell is a key component of the immune system itself, severely crippling it and ultimately leading to AIDS. The associated activity, Tracking a Virus, sets the stage for this lesson with a dramatic simulation that allows students to see for themselves how quickly a virus can spread through a population, and then challenges students to determine who the initial bearers of the virus were.
- Subject:
Science and Technology
- Grade Level:
Secondary
- Collection:
TeachEngineering
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