This course covers the following topics: X-ray diffraction: symmetry, space groups, geometry of diffraction, structure factors, phase problem, direct methods, Patterson methods, electron density maps, structure refinement, how to grow good crystals, powder methods, limits of X-ray diffraction methods, and structure data bases.
" This course covers the following topics: X-ray diffraction: symmetry, space groups, geometry of diffraction, structure factors, phase problem, direct methods, Patterson methods, electron density maps, structure refinement, how to grow good crystals, powder methods, limits of X-ray diffraction methods, and structure data bases."
This NASA educator guide tells the story of why it is important to observe celestial objects from outer space and how to study the entire electromagnetic spectrum. It features a set of hands-on activities and demonstrations which can be performed by teachers to reinforce the concept that Earth's atmosphere interferes with the passage of electromagnetic radiation and to investigate the properties and uses of radiation throughout the electromagnetic spectrum.
X-rays and x-ray fluorescence are not new subjects to the field of physics. Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-rays in 1895, and in 1901 he was awarded the very first Nobel Prize in physics for this discovery. Soon after, Charles Glover Barkla discovered that each element has its own characteristic x-ray spectrum. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in physics for this discovery in 1917. Sir William Henry Bragg and his son, Sir William Lawrence Bragg, were then able to experimentally prove that the discrete electron energy levels of an atom, an idea proposed by Niels Bohr, actually existed. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for this in 1915. After this groundwork in x-ray spectroscopy was established, Henry Moseley showed that each elements characteristic x-ray energy spectrum followed the predictions of the Bohr atomic model.
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