Examines the causes of war. Major theories of war are examined; case-study and large-n methods of testing theories of war are discussed; and the case-study method is applied to several historical cases. Cases covered include World Wars I and II. Open to undergraduates only by permission of instructor.

This course's aims are two-fold: 1) to offer students the theoretical and practical tools to understand how and why cities become torn by ethnic, religious, racial, nationalist, and/or other forms of identity that end up leading to conflict, violence, inequality, and social injustice; and 2) to use this knowledge and insight in the search for solutions. As preparation, students will be required to become familiar with social and political theories of the city and the nation and their relationship to each other. They also will focus on the ways that racial, ethnic, religious, nationalist or other identities grow and manifest themselves in cities or other territorial levels of determination (including the regional or transnational). In the search for remedies, students will be encouraged to consider a variety of policymaking or design points of entry, ranging from the political- institutional (e.g. forms of democratic participation and citizenship) to spatial, infrastructural, and technological interventions.

This article attempts to bring out ‘The Superultramodern Unification’. It is basically the idea that the mysterious phenomena underlying most of the most challenging problems in modern / ultramodern science / philosophy are, in fact, multiple aspects of a singular structure, which the NSTP (Non – Spatial Thinking Process) theory (a major component of superultramodern science / philosophy) is the unique theoretical representation of. The NSTP theory thus unifies and demystifies the phenomena, and solves the problems. The first part of this article presents the solutions to two of the problems viz. Zeno’s paradoxes and the problem of quantum non-locality. The second part states the remaining problems. And the third, and the last, part states some other challenging problems, solvable with the NSTP theory, which are not directly connected to the aforementioned structure.

This work presents the NSTP (Non – Spatial Thinking Process) theoretical (philosophy of mind) idealistic solution to the problem of Yang-Mills existence and mass gap, the millennium problem announced by the Clay Mathematics Institute. As stated by the institute, ‘Quantum Yang-Mills theory is now the foundation of most of elementary particle theory, and its predictions have been tested at many experimental laboratories, but its mathematical foundation is still unclear. The successful use of Yang-Mills theory to describe the strong interactions of elementary particles depends on a subtle quantum mechanical property called the "mass gap:" the quantum particles have positive masses, even though the classical waves travel at the speed of light. This property has been discovered by physicists from experiment and confirmed by computer simulations, but it still has not been understood from a theoretical point of view. Progress in establishing the existence of the Yang-Mills theory and a mass gap will require the introduction of fundamental new ideas both in physics and in mathematics.’ If the property of mass gap contradicts the special relativistic law that no massive entity can travel at the speed of light, the point of this work is to understand that special relativity is not fundamental to nature. The new physics required to solve the problem has essentially “an idealistic framework” and the new mathematics contains terms such as “non-spatial consciousness”. Though the problem is officially expressed in a conventional symbolic mathematical language, the appropriate solution necessarily has an unconventional superconceptual mathematical language, just as its radical non-spatial computational physics does.