Science in its earliest beginnings consisted of a practice called alchemy. Alchemy includes the study of chemistry, biology, astronomy, spirituality, physics, and art. Distillation or experiments in purification of substances may have been a part of the practice of alchemy.
Charles Darwin is most famous for proposing the concept of evolution through natural selection. He observed finches on the Galapagos Islands and noted that each finch had evolved a beak to suit its dietary needs.
Early scientific efforts by the Chinese yielded the decimal system. The Chinese were mostly known for their physical inventions during this time, so it was unusual to see something like the decimal system come from China at this point in history.
Gregor Mendel conducted his research in the 1800s, but his work was not discovered until the 1900s. His work with pea plants helped explain how information is inherited from generation to generation.
The invention of the printing press allowed scientists to publish their works. Scientific research and topics could be distributed more efficiently and increased the interest in the sciences.
Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization to reduce the number of bacteria and microbes in milk and other foods to make them safe for consumption. Pasteurization involves the heating of liquid to achieve this.
Socrates developed a concept called the Socratic Method. The Socratic Method is a series of questions and answers that are meant to analyze a particular concept and take others' perceptions and criticisms into consideration. This method may have helped develop into the scientific method we use today.
William of Ockham introduced the idea of parsimony. Parsimony is the concept of using the simplest explanation of an event to avoid complications in understanding.
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