This activity from our family magazine series provides a fun way for kids to learn about how early microbe discoveries led to later ones. The online activity begins with a page of directions for how to play this "hidden picture" challenge. Kids meet the people behind six key discoveries: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, Alexander Fleming, Jonas Salk, Luc Montagnier, and Robert Gallo. To uncover each portion of the hidden picture (an animated microscope) and move to the next discovery, kids must correctly answer a multiple-choice question about what they just learned.

Produced by the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, this guide summarizes the consequences of biodiversity loss for human health. The guide examines threats to global supplies of food and fresh water, exposure to formerly rare diseases and opportunistic infections, and loss of important sources of medicines.

Human beings are fascinating and complex living organisms a symphony of different functional systems working in concert. Through a nine-lesson series with hands-on activities students are introduced to seven systems of the human body skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, sensory, and reproductive as well as genetics. At every stage, they are also introduced to engineers' creative, real-world involvement in caring for the human body.

In this video segment, adapted from NOVA, Dr. Judah Folkman uses the scientific method to discover how cancer cells induce the formation of new blood vessels, which in turn nourish those cancer cells.

This interactive tutorial serves as an introduction to normal cross-sectional anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis for preclinical students enrolled in medical human structure. The courseware was digitized and converted into Adobe Flash to stimulate active self-directed learning by integrating introductory radiographic anatomy into a structured format that is readily accessible for local and distance learning. It provides opportunities for learner self-assessment through repetition and immediate feedback. Active learning is supported by four tutorial units that target content areas dealing with CT-scans of cross-sectional anatomy. It complements didactic and practical (dissection) activities of beginner health care professionals enrolled in human structure.

This curriculum supplement brings into the classroom new information about some of the exciting medical discoveries being made at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and their effects on public health. This set is being distributed to teachers around the country free of charge by the NIH to improve science literacy and to foster student interest in science. The first three supplements in the series are designed for use in senior high school science classrooms: Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (with expertise from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases); Cell Biology and Cancer (with expertise from the National Cancer Institute); Human Genetic Variation (with expertise from the National Human Genome Research Institute).

Covers cells and tissues of the immune system, lymphocyte development, the structure and function of antigen receptors, the cell biology of antigen processing and presentation including molecular structure and assembly of MHC molecules, lymphocyte activation, the biology of cytokines, leukocyte-endothelial interactions, and the pathogenesis of immunologically mediated diseases. Consists of lectures and tutorials in which clinical cases are discussed with faculty tutors. Details of the case covering a number of immunological issues in the context of disease are posted on a student Web site.

Following the engineering design process and acting as biomedical engineers, student teams use everyday materials to design and develop devices and approaches to unclog blood vessels. They learn about the circulatory system, biomedical engineering, and conditions that lead to heart attacks and strokes.

This dataset has been added as an experimental use of Open Context for public health data sharing applications. Corneal ulceration is a major cause of blindness in many parts of the world, but in South East Asia the WHO estimates that there are as many as 12 million blinding ulcers every year in a population of 1.6 billion. Now that we know the main causes of these ulcers it is possible to prevent the occurrence of most of them with simple, grass-roots, public health measures. The development of these public health programs were a result of findings of this corneal ulcer study in Madurai, India in 1994.

The purpose of this project is to develop a method for monitoring, evaluating the status of a tumor undergoing radiation treatment and transmit the radiation dose received by the tumor in real-time to an external data acquisition unit and evaluate the treatment strategy. The target system to be designed would consist of a miniature wireless sensor module which would be implanted in the region of interest and this unit transmits the data to an external receiver wirelessly.

The Modern fabrication process allows us to fabricate CMOS circuits in nanometer range which is highly desirable when used in radiation sensing scheme where size is the main constraint. The heart of the sensing system is a MOS transistor device. The electrical properties of the MOS device (drain to source resistance, threshold voltage) change when exposed to gamma radiation. The objective of this project is to evaluate the MOS transistor parameters change with radiation dose, study the effects with varying transistor widths, lengths and propose the ideal characteristics of the CMOS device. The scheme of the radiation measurement is presented. Some of the questions that will be addressed in this report are – The effect of radiation on channel resistance during and after radiation, temperature dependency of the radiation effects. The complete characterization of the sensor is performed and the results are produced and cross checked with device physics. The characterized CMOS transistor is exposed to radiation and the radiation dosage received by the transistor is sent to a RFID receiver using radio frequency communication. The signal at the RFID receiver is filtered and the actual radiation dosage was determined from the filtered output’s duty cycle. A novel approach is used in determining the radiation measurement in this study.

The purpose of this project is to develop a method for monitoring, evaluating the status of a tumor undergoing radiation treatment and transmit the radiation dose received by the tumor in real-time to an external data acquisition unit and evaluate the treatment strategy. The target system to be designed would consist of a miniature wireless sensor module which would be implanted in the region of interest and this unit transmits the data to an external receiver wirelessly.

The Modern fabrication process allows us to fabricate CMOS circuits in nanometer range which is highly desirable when used in radiation sensing scheme where size is the main constraint. The heart of the sensing system is a MOS transistor device. The electrical properties of the MOS device (drain to source resistance, threshold voltage) change when exposed to gamma radiation. The objective of this project is to evaluate the MOS transistor parameters change with radiation dose, study the effects with varying transistor widths, lengths and propose the ideal characteristics of the CMOS device. The scheme of the radiation measurement is presented. Some of the questions that will be addressed in this report are – The effect of radiation on channel resistance during and after radiation, temperature dependency of the radiation effects. The complete characterization of the sensor is performed and the results are produced and cross checked with device physics. The characterized CMOS transistor is exposed to radiation and the radiation dosage received by the transistor is sent to a RFID receiver using radio frequency communication. The signal at the RFID receiver is filtered and the actual radiation dosage was determined from the filtered output’s duty cycle. A novel approach is used in determining the radiation measurement in this study.

Radiation therapy involves treating cancer cells with beams of high-energy particles, such as gamma rays or X-rays. Radiation therapy affects cancer cells by destroying the DNA of the cells. The direct damage is caused by a photon, electron, proton, neutron, or ion beam and the indirect damage is caused by ionizing the atoms which make up the DNA chain. The indirect ionization occurs as a result of the ionization of water, forming free radicals (hydroxyl radicals), which in turn damage the DNA. In most cases the radiation effect is due to free radicals. This is because cells have mechanisms for repairing DNA damage. Since cancer cells cannot be differentiated like stem cell-like, they reproduce rapidly, and have a reduced ability to repair sub-lethal damage when compared to healthy cells. Both healthy and cancerous cells are damaged by radiation; the goal of treatment is to affect as few normal cells as possible. The radiation on healthy cells can be severe, to epithelial surfaces (skin, oral, pharyngeal and bowel mucosa, urothelium), swelling edema or Oedema). In order to reduce the effect of radiation on healthy cells, some of the advanced radiation therapy techniques are designed like Intensity modulated radiation therapy1 (IMRT), 3-D conformal radiation therapy.

Currently, the radiation received by the tissue is based on initial 3-D view of the tumor. This method doesn’t consider the effect of changing tumor size after it has received the radiation due to which the radiation target might have changed. Even with such high sophistication in dose delivery, when the patient moves during receiving the dose the dose is delivered to the healthy tissue. The need for real-time dose monitoring is clearly understood by this problem statement. The Thermo-luminescent dosimeters (TLD’s) have been used to measure the radiation received but the main problem of using them is they give a measure of total radiation received by the subject for the duration of the treatment, real-time monitoring is not possible. If a miniature wireless radiation sensing device capable of measuring the radiation received is placed at the area of interest. The position and radiation measurements can be conducted from an external source in real time and thus we can device strategies for radiation therapy to optimize the process.

The wireless detector should be extremely small, capable to transmitting data, linear radiation response characteristics, independent of beam direction [5].This module will be placed internally at the tumor. The potential candidates for the radiation measurement are obtained by filtering them on the basis of device materials, doping levels, working voltages and currents. The main feature to look for in this device is a high sensitivity to radiation. Different materials like silicon, GaAs, are considered. The test protocols and testing environment were designed to minimize the variations of the device characteristics to temperature, humidity etc. The CMOS device characterization was conducted statistically. The ideal CMOS device properties were discerned. An appropriate circuitry has been used to convert the change in the device parameters which is a measure of the radiation level to digital form.

These digital signals were sent wirelessly through a serial RFID communication channel. The system includes a remote receiver in wireless communication and is configured to receive the transmitted sensor data. The receiver is positioned external to the subject. The system should accommodate a data processor which is configured to receive the transmitted data, data correction when environmental effects in subject are changing [8].

Diabetes is an increasing problem among both adults and children. This unit looks at the way diabetes is managed once it has been diagnosed in order to reduce the risk of further complications. You will look at the role of each member of the team involved in the diabetes annual review and look at the risk factors involved with certain diabetes complications.

The Diabetic Dog educational game, with two related readings, are based on the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which was awarded for discovering the hormone insulin, making it possible to treat people suffering from diabetes.
In this game your dog has type 1 diabetes. This is a very serious disease. With proper treatment, however, your dog can live a happy life for many years. When we eat, the blood sugar level in our blood rises, and the hormone insulin is released into the blood stream to regulate the sugar level. A diabetic dog does not produce or properly use insulin and therefore has to get it through injections. Your mission is to take care of your dog and try to avoid letting him/her reach to high or to low levels of blood sugar - the more succesful you are the more money you will get for which you can buy food and upgrade your dog's foodbowl or doghouse!

This textbook is a review of the diseases of children encountered in the tropics, together with their diagnosis and treatment.

An important diagnostic tool for the electrophysiologist is Electrocardiography (ECG). ECG is utilized clinically to diagnose heart electrical problems. If a cardiac device is indicated, permanent pacing or defibrillation leads are positioned through passive tines or by active fixation with a fixed or an extendable-retractable helix. Often, the myocardial tissue undergoes some localized injury post lead implantation called the current of injury (COI). The device analyzer records a heightened, broadened R-waveform. The clinician is unable to identify if an adequate R-wave is present or if the signal is confounded with the (COI). Clinicians may think an acceptable R-wave ( ≥ 5mV) is captured; however, a R-wave of 10mV during surgery can be reading 3mV one day after implantation once the COI subsides. Moreover, this R-wave over-estimation is correctable by repositioning the lead, but it will not be discovered until post implant, a situation requiring re-opening of the pocket and subjecting the sickly patient to more risks. Therefore, the goal of this project is to develop a research protocol to study the R-wave and (COI) in order to mitigate or to eliminate possible R-wave over-estimation. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:412-7)

This protocol focuses on active fixation Medtronic leads for atrial/ventricular applications.

This protocol will first attempt to reproduce the methodology of Redferan et al. Then, after lead implantation, the lead will be connected to a Pruka 3 for ten minutes to collect data with time.

This Web site, created to complement the museum's Epidemic! exhibit, provides an in-depth look at the world of infectious disease. It includes the following sections: Environmental Change looks at how a season of heavy snow and rainfall led to an outbreak of hantavirus in the Four Corners region of the southwestern U.S., and at the different habitat needs of microbes. Long-Term Changes examines how changes to the prehistoric landscape and in our living patterns since the development of agriculture, have made diseases like malaria a major threat in tropical regions. Microbes and Others looks at the three major groups of microbes (viruses, bacteria, and protozoa) and the great variety within each group. Diagnostics and Testing examines how the link between microbes and disease was first made and the many medical advances since then. Infection covers how microbes enter the body and the body's built-in defense mechanisms. Outbreak looks at the different routes microbes use to spread through a population and the work of epidemiologists. Epidemic/Pandemic explores the factors that determine whether an outbreak will become an epidemic or a pandemic. Resources is a list, organized by topic and specific disease, of more than 250 Web sites. Glossary includes nearly 200 infectious disease terms, from AIDS to WHO.