1st grade science key vocabulary English/Spanish translations (space to add drawing as well).

This resource would be great preparation material for a classroom discussion or video presentation for both the students and the teacher. This visual helps further broaden the knowledge of students in both the college undergraduate and graduate educational level on HIV/AIDS.

This resource would be great preparation material for a classroom discussion or video presentation for both the students and the teacher. This visual helps further broaden the knowledge of students in both the college undergraduate and graduate educational level on HIV/AIDS.

This video from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute is from the 2007 Holiday Lectures on Science: "AIDS: Evolution of an Epidemic." Bisola O. Ojikutu, M.D., M.P.H. discusses antiretroviral therapy in AIDS and HIV. The video is available as an indexed video with synchronized slides or webcast video only. Both require RealPlayer. The video is 58 minutes and 31 seconds long and there are 91 slides.

Presented by Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Bruce D. Walker this indexed video with synchronized slides is part of the 2007 Holiday Lectures on Science: "AIDS: Evolution of an Epidemic." This presentation covers the role of vaccines in fighting HIV and AIDS. It is 58 minutes and 29 seconds long and requires RealPlayer 10.

HIV's reverse transcriptase mistakes AZT for thymidine. Once incorporated, AZT stops reverse transcription.

Background MUC2 mucin produced by intestinal goblet cells is the major component of the intestinal mucus barrier. The inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis is characterized by depleted goblet cells and a reduced mucus layer, but the aetiology remains obscure. In this study we used random mutagenesis to produce two murine models of inflammatory bowel disease, characterized the basis and nature of the inflammation in these mice, and compared the pathology with human ulcerative colitis. Methods and FindingsBy murine N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis we identified two distinct noncomplementing missense mutations in Muc2 causing an ulcerative colitis-like phenotype. 100% of mice of both strains developed mild spontaneous distal intestinal inflammation by 6 wk (histological colitis scores versus wild-type mice, p , 0.01) and chronic diarrhea Monitoring over 300 mice of each strain demonstrated that 25% and 40% of each strain, respectively, developed severe clinical signs of colitis by age 1 y. Mutant mice showed aberrant Muc2 biosynthesis, less stored mucin in goblet cells, a diminished mucus barrier, and increased susceptibility to colitis induced by a luminal toxin. Enhanced local production of IL-1b, TNF-a, and IFN-c was seen in the distal colon, and intestinal permeability increased 2-fold. The number of leukocytes within mesenteric lymph nodes increased 5-fold and leukocytes cultured in vitro produced more Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IFN-c, TNF-a, and IL-13). This pathology was accompanied by accumulation of the Muc2 precursor and ultrastructural and biochemical evidence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in goblet cells, activation of the unfolded protein response, and altered intestinal expression of genes involved in ER stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and wound repair. Expression of mutated Muc2 oligomerisation domains in vitro demonstrated that aberrant Muc2 oligomerisation underlies the ER stress. In human ulcerative colitis we demonstrate similar accumulation of nonglycosylated MUC2 precursor in goblet cells together with ultrastructural and biochemical evidence of ER stress even in noninflamed intestinal tissue. Although our study demonstrates that mucin misfolding and ER stress initiate colitis in mice, it does not ascertain the genetic or environmental drivers of ER stress in human colitis.Conclusions Characterization of the mouse models we created and comparison with human disease suggest that ER stress-related mucin depletion could be a fundamental component of the pathogenesis of human colitis and that clinical studies combining genetics, ER stress-related pathology and relevant environmental epidemiology are warranted.

In this activity, learners examine how brine shrimp populations can survive in some of the harshest environments. Learners subject brine shrimp cysts to extreme conditions to evaluate the hardiness of these creatures.

Projects to facilitate collaboration between biologists and computer scientists. Lecture from the Women in Bioinformatics series. Fran Lewitter, Ph.D. Director of the Bioinformatics and Research Computing Department, Whitehead Institute, MIT

Plants and animals that live in water create some amount of acid in the water. The carbon dioxide that plants and animals release into the water makes the water acidic and unsafe for living organisms. This is why the water of captive aquatic animals and plants must be changed often.

The information presented in each ActionBioscience.org article has been correlated to the U.S. National Science Education Standards (NSES). Articles may be listed below in more than one category of the standards and educators may determine other curricular applications for the articles.

To convey the concept of how animals adapt to survive, this game asks learners to imagine what adaptations a given animal would need to live in a certain environment--including environments where such animals are not typically found in (for example, a raccoon in a swamp). Learners discuss and draw different features that animals might develop, including details such as color and texture of new features, size and scale of the animal compared to other animals, and possible predators or food sources. This activity can be found on pages 24-25 of the activity guide.

An alternative introduction to the chapter "Adapting and Living Together" - explained with Vamipres! It sits within the Ecology and Environment topic of the virtual school GCSE Biology. Teachers can choose which engagement video is better for their own uses and students.

Students explore the meaning of physical and behavioral adaptation, consider how migration fits in, and identify adaptations that help the Journey North species they track survive.

CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) perform a critical role in the immune control of viral infections, including those caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). As a result, genetic variation at CTL epitopes is strongly influenced by host-specific selection for either escape from the immune response, or reversion due to the replicative costs of escape mutations in the absence of CTL recognition. Under strong CTL-mediated selection, codon positions within epitopes may immediately “toggle” in response to each host, such that genetic variation in the circulating virus population is shaped by rapid adaptation to immune variation in the host population. However, this hypothesis neglects the substantial genetic variation that accumulates in virus populations within hosts. Here, we evaluate this quantity for a large number of HIV-1– (n ≥ 3,000) and HCV-infected patients (n ≥ 2,600) by screening bulk RT-PCR sequences for sequencing “mixtures” (i.e., ambiguous nucleotides), which act as site-specific markers of genetic variation within each host. We find that nonsynonymous mixtures are abundant and significantly associated with codon positions under host-specific CTL selection, which should deplete within-host variation by driving the fixation of the favored variant. Using a simple model, we demonstrate that this apparently contradictory outcome can be explained by the transmission of unfavorable variants to new hosts before they are removed by selection, which occurs more frequently when selection and transmission occur on similar time scales. Consequently, the circulating virus population is shaped by the transmission rate and the disparity in selection intensities for escape or reversion as much as it is shaped by the immune diversity of the host population, with potentially serious implications for vaccine design.

Adam Barrett, a nurse who is HIV positive, discusses his first symptoms and the challenges of adhering to a drug regimen.

Adam Barrett describes his seven-drug antiretroviral regimen and the importance of adherence.

After a classroom discussion of the characteristics of several orders of insects, this middle school lesson from Clemson University calls for a field trip to a natural area, where students locate, identify, and classify insects, analyze their distribution in various habitats, and explain the adaptations these organisms have developed to survive over time.

The adult zebra fish is the final stage in the zebra fish life cycle. At this point, the adult can lay eggs and a male zebra fish will fertilize them.