" Networks are ubiquitous in our modern society. The World Wide Web that links us to and enables information flows with the rest of the world is the most visible example. It is, however, only one of many networks within which we are situated. Our social life is organized around networks of friends and colleagues. These networks determine our information, influence our opinions, and shape our political attitudes. They also link us, often through important but weak ties, to everybody else in the United States and in the world. Economic and financial markets also look much more like networks than anonymous marketplaces. Firms interact with the same suppliers and customers and use Web-like supply chains. Financial linkages, both among banks and between consumers, companies and banks, also form a network over which funds flow and risks are shared. Systemic risk in financial markets often results from the counterparty risks created within this financial network. Food chains, interacting biological systems and the spread and containment of epidemics are some of the other natural and social phenomena that exhibit a marked networked structure. This course will introduce the tools for the study of networks. It will show how certain common principles permeate the functioning of these diverse networks and how the same issues related to robustness, fragility, and interlinkages arise in several different types of networks."
1994 Excavations at Pınarbaşı, Karaman Province, Turkey: Excavations began at Pinarbasi in August and September 1994, and continued in September 1995. The site is in the lands of Suleimanhaci village, Karaman province, on the south side of the central Anatolian plateau, only about 20 km from Çatalhöyük. This is a salvage excavation, jointly organised by the University of Edinburgh, Department of Archaeology (Dr Trevor Watkins) and the Karaman Museum (Cengiz Topal). The group of sites at Pinarbasi is of particular interest because there appears to be a series of rock-shelters occupied in final pleistocene and early neolithic times, and an open village settlement of epi-palaeolithic or early neolithic date (i.e. possibly greater than 10,000 years old). The work is being carried out as part of the Çatalhöyük Research Project, and the sites were identified by Drs Douglas Baird and Trevor Watkins in September 1993 as part of the Çatalhöyük Regional Survey. In the first season, the main objective was to assess two parts of the site which were most at risk. Area A is the open village settlement, situated below the cliffs and the rock-shelters, on an isthmus surrounded by a small lake. Area B is one of the rock-shelters. In the open village settlement the 1994 sounding showed superficial remains of classical date, a thin stratum of early third millennium BC occupation, and a thicker deposit representing structures, a burial and occupation deposit of a settlement of early prehistoric date. The first radiocarbon dates are in the late 8th millennium BC (uncalibrated). The rock-shelter has an isolated pit which has produced the fourth millennium BC date, and coherent strata of occupation deposit and a large, stone-built structure that date to the sixth millennium BC. The indications from the chipped stone assemblage are of an industry similar to that at Çatalhöyük, but there are also strong residual elements of earlier assemblages, representing probably an earlier, aceramic neolithic occupation.
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