Develops facility with concepts, language, and analytical tools of economics. Covers microeconomics, macroeconomics, and international trade and payments. Emphasizes integration of theory, data, and judgment in the analysis of corporate decisions and public policy, and in the assessment of changing US and international business environments. Restricted to Sloan Fellows. The fact of scarcity forces individuals, firms, and societies to choose among alternative uses -- or allocations -- of its limited resources. Accordingly, the first part of this summer course seeks to understand how economists model the choice process of individual consumers and firms, and how markets work to coordinate these choices. It also examines how well markets perform this function using the economist's criterion of market efficiency. Overall, this course focuses on microeconomics, with some topics from macroeconomics and international trade. It emphasizes the integration of theory, data, and judgment in the analysis of corporate decisions and public policy, and in the assessment of changing U.S. and international business environments.

The shift from apartheid to a constitutional democracy in South Africa brought with it a plethora of questions concerning ideas of nationhood, citizenship, and organisational transformation. Integrally caught up in the revolution, the South African Police Service (SAPS) faces transformative challenges on scales far larger than most other organisations in the country. From being the strong arm of the oppressive elite, it has had to restructure and rearticulate its function, while simultaneously attempting to maintain law and order. Like many other corporations and organisations, the SAPS has engaged in interventions aimed at aiding the fluidity of this process. This report is an analysis of one such intervention. It attempts to ascertain the extent to which members are changing as a result of particular diversity workshops conducted in a region of the Western Cape. The analysis focuses on members at one particular station.

This guideline was produced for those persons responsible for the maintenance of health and safety measures at agricultural workplaces handling potentially hazardous organophosphate and carbarnate chemicals. It is primarily aimed at professional nursing and other medical staff charged with monitoring workers for pesticide exposure, but will be useful to all personnel involved in workplace health and safety monitoring for pesticide exposure. The guidelines concentrate on monitoring for organophosphate and carabarnate insecticides because the technology is reasonably readily available and the methodology well described. These chemicals are widely used and are the most common cause of acute poisoning by pesticides. The guidelines have also been written bearing in mind the Hazardous Chemical Regulation 556 of 25 August 1995, in terms of the Occupational Health and Safety Act that includes agricultural workplaces, in addition to industry.

Many of the goals of South Africa's new democracy depend on the production of professionals who have not only the knowledge and skills to make our country globally competitive but also a commitment to working and living here. Despite numerous reforms, the South African health system, ten years into democracy, remains divided with first world private care that ranks with middle income countries internationally at the one end and at the other extreme in the rural public sector in particular conditions that are superior only to the poorest of African countries. Much work has been done to change medical school curricula in line with the primary healthcare focus of government policy and international trends towards problem-based learning. This study on the medical profession and its related education programmes considers the multiple worlds of medical practice in South Africa ten years into democracy from a number of perspectives. First it presents the major problem facing government - the skewed distribution of medical doctors across public, private, rural, and urban divides - and considers its recent attempts to rectify the imbalance. sSecondly, it presents the universities' responses to the equity and redress demands of government policy, changing profiles of medical students and graduates, and new curricula to meet the profile of the basic doctor who is willing and able to serve the needs of a transformed South Africa. Finally, it focuses on two medical schools to explore these issues in greater depth.

Examines the environment and social impacts of industrial society with a focus on the regulation of pollution, eliminating sweatshops, urbanization, and new risks. Analysis of current and emerging policies and programs that seek to respond to environmental problems, including governmental, private sector, and non-governmental responses through policies, plans, and campaigns. Modern industrial activities - which MIT engineers and scientists play a major role in - have significant environmental and social impacts. Trends towards further industrialization and globalization portend major challenges for society to manage the adverse impacts of our urban and industrial activities. How serious are current environmental and social problems? Why should we care about them? How are governments, corporations, activists, and ordinary citizens responding to these problems. This course examines environmental and social impacts of industrial society and policy responses. We will explore current trends in industrialization, urbanization, and globalization, analyze the impacts these trends have on human health, environmental sustainability, and equity, and then examine a range of policy options available for responding to current problems. The course will present key trends in both domestic and international contexts. We will examine four policy problems in particular during the course: (1) regulating industrial pollution; (2) regulating "sweatshops" and the broader impacts of globalization; (3) protecting ecosystems; and (4) protecting urban environments during development. We delve into specific cases of these challenges, including: chemical safety and toxics; computers, e-commerce, and the environment; biotech and society; sweatshops; and food production and consumption. Through these cases, we will explore underlying processes and drivers of environmental degradation. Finally, we will analyze opportunities and barriers to policy responses taken by governments, international institutions, corporations, non-governmental organizations, consumers, and impacted communities. Objectives and Aims An understanding of the complexity of environmental and social impacts of industry; An ability to critically analyze policy responses; An understanding of the roles of different actors and institutions in environmental and social controversies; Means to evaluate institutional barriers to environmental and social policies; New ideas for better integrating industry, environment, and equity; New strategies for regulation in the global economy; An understanding about personal responsibilities and roles in environmental and social problems.

Private equity, venture capital, stock exchange listing: all are methods of raising equity finance. This unit looks at the processes used and the markets available across the world for raising such finance, as well as looking into the reasons why some companies choose cross-listing on stock exchanges.

Continuation of Finance Theory I, concentrating on corporate financial management. Topics: Capital investment decisions, security issues, dividend policy, optimal capital structure, hedging and risk management, futures markets and real options analysis. The objective of this course is to learn the financial tools needed to make good business decisions. The course presents the basic insights of corporate finance theory, but emphasizes the application of theory to real business decisions. Each session involves class discussion, some centered on lectures and others around business cases.

Women workers rarely appear in labor market theory. When they do, they are represented as a separate category, determined by biological differences and their family responsibilities. Subject examines the status of working women under a variety of governmental policies and labor conditions. First part is a survey of key debates on sex and gender differences in employment and wages. Using the changing structure of the US labor force as an example, second part examines attempted policy responses to the increasing feminization of the labor force. Students apply theoretical issues to a policy topic of their choice (e.g., familiy leave, unionization, tax credit, or income support, etc.).

This course focuses on financial accounting, a sub-discipline of accounting. Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to: perform accounting computations through the critical analysis of business transactions; demonstrate an understanding of the foundational principles and objectives of accounting; illustrate the impact of business transactions through the use of the accounting equation and transforming business transactions (data) into useable information; describe the accounting cycle and be able to identify specific debits and credits, journals, t-accounts, a trial balance, and resulting financial statements; identify why adjusting entries are necessary, and be able to distinguish between various types of adjusting entries; discuss and be able to demonstrate the use of the accounting worksheet as a means of preparing the financial statements; explain and execute the closing process for a specified accounting cycle; identify the foundational accounting concepts, assumptions and principles through the analysis of specific business situations; identify and analyze accounting transactions of a merchandising company; define and solve for specific business events involving various inventory methods; define and apply the accounting elements associated with receivables and payables; identify, record, and depreciate property, plant, and equipment. This free course may be completed online at any time. (Business Administration 103)

1.201J/11.545J/ESD.210J is required for all first-year Master of Science in Transportation students. It would be of interest to, as well as accessible to, students in Urban Studies and Planning, Political Science, Technology and Policy, Management, and various engineering departments. It is a good subject for those who plan to take only one subject in transportation and serves as an entry point to other transportation subjects as well. The subject focuses on fundamental principles of transportation systems, introduces transportation systems components and networks, and addresses how one invests in and operates them effectively. The tie between transportation and related systems is emphasized.

In this study, the reasons why men and women behave differently in leadership roles in schools were investigated because of recent research on the indirect nature of the school principal’s impact on learning and on gender differences in leadership behaviors. Practicing principals (109 males, 172 females) from two Southwestern states were surveyed regarding their relational leadership behaviors. Findings in this study were not congruent with the typical stereotypes that surround gender issues in leadership behavior. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

This course provides an understanding of the complex and challenging public health issue of food security and in a world where one billion people are under-nourished while another billion are overweight. Explores the connections among diet, the current food production system, the environment and public health, considering factors such as economics, population and equity. Case studies are used to examine these complex relationships and as well as alternative approaches to achieving both local and global food security and the important role public health can play. Guest lecturers include experts from a variety of disciplines and experiences.

During the last fifteen years, nations across the globe embarked on a historic transformation away from centrally planned economies to market-oriented ones. However, in the common pursuit for economic growth, these transition economies implemented widely different reform strategies with mixed results. With over a decade of empirical evidence now available, this new course examines this phenomenon that has pushed the discourse in a number of disciplines, requiring us to reconsider fundamental issues such as: - the proper relationship between business, government, and the public interest; - the possible synergies and tensions between economic growth and equity; and - how economic transition has reshaped cities. The premise of the course is that the primary issue in transition involves institution-building and re-building in different contexts.

The idea for developing this set of training materials arose from the ÔAffordability Ladder ProgramŐ (ALPS). The ALPS initiative focused on the experience of households of illness and of seeking health care. As the name would suggest, a key focus of ALPS was that of affordability and other aspects of access to health care for households. The ALPS team recognised that almost all of the training materials presently available focus on illness and health services from the health systemŐs perspective, with little or no attention devoted to the perspective of households. The training materials can be used for a diverse set of target groups, but are primarily aimed at current and future health sector managers. It is also envisaged that the case studies can be used on an ad-hoc basis in post-graduate programs such as Masters in Public Health programs. Six case studies have been prepared for this course: Experiences of households in Sri Lanka; Availability of health services and resource allocation; Affordability of drugs in the context of the World Trade Organisation (WTO); Tax and insurance funding for health systems; Health service acceptability issues; Access board game.

The key objectives develop an understanding of the dimensions of access to health care; create greater awareness of health care access constraints from the household perspective; promote critical evaluation of policy options to address access constraints in relation to equity goals; promote and strengthen effective development and implementation of equitable health sector policies. The training materials can be used for a diverse set of target groups, but are primarily aimed at current and future health sector managers. It is also envisaged that the case studies can be used on an ad-hoc basis in post-graduate programs such as Masters in Public Health programs. Six case studies have been prepared for this course: Experiences of households in Sri Lanka, Availability of health services and resource allocation, Affordability of drugs in the context of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Tax. Insurance funding for health systems, Health service acceptability issues, Access board game.

Theory and evidence on government taxation policy. Topics include tax incidence, optimal tax theory, the effect of taxation on labor supply and savings, taxation and corporate behavior, and tax expenditure policy.

" The main objective of this course is to give broad insight into the different facets of transportation systems, while providing a solid introduction to transportation demand and cost analyses. As part of the core in the Master of Science in Transportation program, the course will not focus on a specific transportation mode but will use the various modes to apply the theoretical and analytical concepts presented in the lectures and readings. Introduces transportation systems analysis, stressing demand and economic aspects. Covers the key principles governing transportation planning, investment, operations and maintenance. Introduces the microeconomic concepts central to transportation systems. Topics covered include economic theories of the firm, the consumer, and the market, demand models, discrete choice analysis, cost models and production functions, and pricing theory. Application to transportation systems include congestion pricing, technological change, resource allocation, market structure and regulation, revenue forecasting, public and private transportation finance, and project evaluation; covering urban passenger transportation, freight, aviation and intelligent transportation systems."