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Acute Postoperative Pain Trajectory Groups
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Some pain after a major operation is expected -- but some patients suffer more than others. More than 60% of surgical patients have moderate-to-severe postoperative pain, potentially predisposing them to persistent postsurgical pain. But who falls into which category? To better predict patients’ pain -- and thereby provide better treatment -- researchers at the University of Florida studied a large group of surgical patients to identify different pain trajectories. The team’s work published in _Anesthesiolog_y revealed five distinct patterns determined in large part by patient-specific factors such as age, sex, and psychologic features. The researchers monitored patents’ pain reports for 7 days in 360 patients recovering from a variety of different surgeries. Pain was evaluated using the [Brief Pain Inventory], which asks for a patient’s average, worst, and least pain in the last 24 hours on a scale from zero to 10..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
02/26/2021
Algorithm predicts neural electrical activity during shock therapy
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A new algorithm has successfully mapped part of the brain’s circuitry during shock therapy. For those suffering from severe depression, the approach could make for safer and more effective treatment. For brain research at large, it could lead to better ways of untangling noisy neural data to reveal real connections between different focal regions of the brain. Despite the gruesome picture painted by pop culture, modern shock therapy is a mild treatment option. In fact, over 2 million treatments are administered worldwide every year. Under general anesthesia, patients receive a small amount of current to the brain, triggering a brief seizure. The resulting changes in brain chemistry have been shown to reverse symptoms of mental health conditions like severe depression or bipolar disorder. But the procedure isn’t perfect. One of the most troubling side effects is memory loss, a result of poor targeting. To be effective and safe, induced seizures should be restricted to the pre-frontal cortex..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Anatomy/Physiology
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
09/20/2019
Alveolar deadspace for anesthetic agents
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"When patients undergo general anesthesia, there’s a shift in the distribution of ventilation and perfusion throughout the lung, with more areas of the lung getting too much air, relative to the amount of blood flow, and others getting too little. This type of scatter is traditionally described by Riley’s three-compartment model, in which high-ratio lung regions getting less blood flow produce increases in the alveolar deadspace. But new work published in the journal Anesthesiology shows that this model fails to account for different blood solubilities of various anesthetics -- and shows how multicompartment models better predict what is happening in the lungs. The researchers extended an earlier study in anesthetized patients that found that partial pressure measurements of inhaled anesthetic in the lungs did not match those made for carbon dioxide -- and were inconsistent with the three-compartment theory..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/23/2020
Anesthesia (Spanish)
Read the Fine Print
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This patient education program explains the benefits and risks of anesthesia. This is a MedlinePlus Interactive Health Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine, designed and developed by the Patient Education Institute.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Lecture
Provider:
National Library of Medicine
Provider Set:
H.E.A.L.
Date Added:
11/17/2003
Anterolateral structure (ALS) injury is significant risk factor for grade 3 pivot shift in knees with acute ACL injuries
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Among patients undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery, a high-grade pivot shift before surgery is widely considered to confer an increased risk of graft rupture and persistent instability after surgery. But what are the risk factors for high-grade pivot shifts themselves? A new study published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine reports injury to anterolateral structures as the most important risk factor for high-grade pivot shifts in patients suffering ACL injuries. The pivot shift test is the most specific physical exam for diagnosing ACL injuries. The examiner applies inward pressure on the lateral thigh with one hand while internally rotating the lower leg as the knee is flexed from a fully extended position. The presence of a pivot shift is indicated by an abrupt forward shift of the tibia back to its normal anatomical position. This shift is graded between 1 and 3 according International Knee Documentation Committee criteria, with 1 and 2 considered low grade, and 3 considered high grade..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/23/2020
Brain slices reveal molecular-level secrets of anesthesia
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The clinical practice of anesthesia is nearly two centuries old. But today, how anesthetics suppress consciousness remains a mystery. Specifically, how do molecular-level drug effects translate into macro-level phenomena? A recent review in the journal Anesthesiology looks at how brain slice studies are helping bridge that gap in neuroscience—with recent findings increasingly pointing to the cortex as a critical center of anesthetic action. Anesthesiologists have embraced the acute brain slice method for investigating anesthetic drug effects. Brain slices enable researchers to examine drug actions in isolated, locally connected networks under highly controlled but flexible conditions. Collectively, such studies suggest that both cortical and subcortical regions of the brain, such as the midbrain and thalamus, play important roles in anesthesia, each contributing to both the level of arousal and the content of consciousness..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
09/27/2019
Burst suppression and postoperative delirium
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Delirium, or a confused or disoriented state that can affect attention, awareness and cognition, is common in elderly patients following surgery -- and is a leading cause of postoperative complications among elderly hospitalized patients. But it’s not clear why this happens or which patients are at especially high risk. In particular, certain electroencephalogram (E-E-G) patterns during anesthesia known as burst-suppression have been associated with postoperative delirium. These patterns are characterized by spikes in electrical activity, or bursts, alternating with longer periods of no activity. But whether burst-suppression plays a causal role in delirium isn’t known. A study, now published in the journal Anesthesiology by researchers in Boston, finds that in elderly patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, burst-suppression is associated with delirium. The project was a sub-study of the ongoing MINDDS trial, and retrospectively looked at the outcomes of 159 patients over the age of 60..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/23/2020
Comparing tracheal intubation conditions in the intensive care unit and operating room
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Tracheal intubation can be life-saving, but the procedure’s outcome largely depends on where it’s performed. Intubations carried out under elective conditions in the operating room tend to produce better results than those executed under emergency conditions in the intensive care unit. But it’s not clear what factors lead to these differences. To shed light on the issue, researchers from the Clinical University Hospital of Santiago, Spain, conducted a prospective, observational study comparing intubation conditions between the OR and ICU. The results help uncover the circumstances important to success. The study, which took place over 33 months, evaluated 208 patients who underwent two separate instances of tracheal intubation using direct laryngoscopy. The first procedure occurred in the OR and the second in the ICU. For inclusion, both intubations had to be performed within a 1-month period..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
09/20/2019
Computer-assisted individualized hemodynamic management reduces intraoperative hypotension
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A new study published in the journal Anesthesiology suggests that computer-assisted individualized hemodynamic management is a promising strategy to minimize hypotension during certain surgeries. Intraoperative hypotension is common but can increase the risk of postoperative complications. During surgery, individualized hemodynamic management can help mitigate hypotension and decrease such complications. In this strategy, clinicians use both intravenous fluids and vasopressors to maintain mean arterial pressure and blood volume near a patient’s personalized baseline. Despite its reported success, this approach requires constant monitoring and adjustment, which can be particularly challenging during complex and prolonged surgeries. Automated systems that can deliver either vasopressors or fluids have recently been developed, but a single closed-loop system that can deliver both with minimal clinician intervention isn’t yet available..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/12/2021
Cortical information integration and connectivity  during propofol anesthesia
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"How does a person experiencing anesthesia lose consciousness? Despite billions of surgeries, scientists still don’t fully understand what happens in the brain when a patient goes under. New research in the journal Anesthesiology, however, provides a few more clues. Working in a group of patients with epilepsy, scientists used a new information measure to evaluate electrocorticography data -- and found that with anesthesia, there is a reduction in information integration and network connectivity. The team recorded electrocorticograms, or intracranial E-E-Gs, from nine patients who were anesthetized predominantly with propofol and underwent surgical treatment for epilepsy in China. To assess information integration, the team used a measure called [genuine permutation cross mutual information], or G-P-C-M-I. In an earlier study, they found the measure performed better than others using scalp EEG recordings..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/23/2020
Dexmedetomidine prevents post-anesthetic delirium by neutralizing excessive α5 GABAA receptor activity in mice
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"An international team of researchers is looking at ways to prevent cognitive impairment following the use of general anesthetics. Their work could lead to better outcomes for the over 312 million surgical patients who undergo anesthesia each year. General anesthetics are associated with the occurrence of postoperative delirium. This complication – often marked by inattention, memory disturbances and confusion – makes it hard for surgical patients to resume daily living activities, and has even been linked to an increased risk of death. The drug dexmedetomidine helps prevent postoperative delirium, but the biological basis for this protection isn’t clear. The researchers previously reported that a single exposure to the common anesthetic etomidate can trigger long-lasting changes to an inhibitory receptor in the brains of mice. Specifically, etomidate increased the number of α5 GABAA receptors expressed on the surface of neurons..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
09/23/2019
Disrupted global brain signal during unconsciousness
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"When someone loses consciousness, one of the main things that happens is a loss of integrated activity across functionally separate brain networks. But there isn’t a single way of measuring this that tracks with the degree of consciousness. That could soon change given the findings of a new article in the journal Anesthesiology. A group of international researchers examined functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, data and found support for the use of something called the “global brain signal”. The global signal is an average of all gray-matter brain activity across each voxel in a scan, and reflects global coordination at a given time. When there’s high coordination, voxels will all be mostly positive -- or negative -- and the sum will be positive or negative. In contrast, if there’s less coordination, the voxels across the brain won’t match and the values will cancel out..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/23/2020
Individualized vs. fixed PEEP for intraoperative mechanical ventilation in patients with obesity
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"It’s well known that anesthesia can cause lung collapse and poor oxygenation in patients with obesity. Positive end-expiratory pressure, or PEEP, helps keep alveoli open and improve ventilation during surgery. But the best method of applying PEEP remains controversial. Standardized PEEP levels are applied with the intent to ensure that alveoli stay open during surgery, but they may be too high or low for an individual patient and may therefore cause unintended lung damage that persists well after surgery. It’s also unclear whether fixed or individualized PEEP leads to better outcomes. To find out, a recent study published in the journal Anesthesiology analyzed data from two trials on patients with obesity undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/12/2021
Individually tailored positive end-expiratory pressure during surgery helps prevent postoperative lung collapse
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A new report in Anesthesiology suggests that personalization is key to protecting lung function during surgery and to reducing the chance of postoperative lung collapse. Lung-protective ventilation has long been linked with better outcomes for certain patients undergoing general anesthesia, but one ventilatory parameter still in need of optimization is positive end-expiratory pressure, or PEEP. There’s been a general lack of agreement regarding whether low or moderate levels of PEEP are more protective during surgery. The new study suggests that this lack of consensus occurs, at least in part, because PEEP isn’t usually tailored to a patient’s individual physiology. This conclusion was based on a randomized trial of 40 patients with healthy lungs who underwent abdominal surgery. All patients were initially anesthetized and ventilated with a PEEP of 4cm H2O..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
09/20/2019
Large Animal Surgery – Supplemental Notes
Conditional Remix & Share Permitted
CC BY-NC
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This textbook includes basic principles of large animal surgery and anesthesia, how to apply those principles to cases and situations, and discover ways of finding answers when you don’t remember the information, are presented with cases that aren’t “textbook” and/or things don’t go as planned.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Textbook
Provider:
University of Minnesota
Author:
Erin Malone
Date Added:
10/25/2021
Mitochondrial function in astrocytes is key to emergence from anesthesia in mice
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"New research published in the journal Anesthesiology provides fresh insights into how volatile anesthetics affect the central nervous system. Although anesthesia has been practiced for nearly 75 years, the precise cellular mechanisms driving anesthetic responses have remained ambiguous. Recent reports suggest mitochondria have a key role in the process, but prior research has only studied this connection in neurons. Now, researchers argue that astrocytes are also important, particularly when it comes to emergence from anesthesia. To reach this conclusion, the team produced a novel knockout mouse lacking the mitochondrial complex I gene known as Ndufs4. In the model, gene knockout is induced only in astrocytes of adult animals – the other cell types comprising the central nervous system retain functional copes of the gene. The result is astrocyte-specific mitochondrial dysfunction..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
09/20/2019
Neural signals of aversive memory formation under anesthesia
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Along with preventing pain, one function of anesthesia is to keep a person from remembering unpleasant experiences. And yet, after surgery, a very small number of patients report distressing events, which can have long-term effects, including PTSD. Anesthesia usually ensures patients lack explicit memory, but implicit memories can still form. Previous studies have suggested that implicit memory formation can occur under sedation, via circuits in the amygdala. To investigate this phenomenon, researchers in Israel conducted experiments on monkeys undergoing anesthesia using two different drugs: ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist; and midazolam, a GABA coagonist. The team made single-cell neuron recordings on sedated animals while the animals underwent classical conditioning using tones and an aversive odor. Specifically, the monkeys were conditioned to take a deeper breath after hearing a tone, in anticipation of a noxious odor that would make them inhale less deeply..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
10/13/2021
Perioperative Acute Kidney Injury
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Over the years, anesthesia has become safer. But surgical morbidity and mortality have barely budged. One of the most persistent challenges is acute kidney injury, or AKI, which occurs in 20 to 40 percent of high-risk surgical patients. Writing in the journal Anesthesiology, researchers from the University of Texas review the latest progress in understanding and treating perioperative AKI. Prior to 2004, there were more than 35 definitions of AKI. A more formalized classification system known as RIFLE created a standard definition. Since then, other systems have emphasized small changes in serum creatinine, and since 2012, the primary system has been Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. AKI is most common in cardiac surgery, but is also frequently observed in thoracic, orthopedic, and vascular surgeries. Risk factors include advanced age, high blood pressure, diabetes, and being African American. Increasingly, it has become clear that AKI isn’t limited to the kidney..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
12/23/2019
Slow-wave correlates of anesthesia-induced unconsciousness in infants
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"How humans lose consciousness under anesthesia is a bit of a mystery, but that’s especially true in the case of young infants. Scientists have known that in adults, fast alpha-wave frequencies in the electroencephalogram, or EEG, appear when someone undergoes anesthesia and loses consciousness. But that doesn’t happen in infants younger than about 4 months. So, how do young infants lose consciousness? Because awake infants do show slow delta-wave frequencies, a team at the University of Cambridge and Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital decided to investigate those waves. Now, in a new article in the journal Anesthesiology, the researchers report that infants lost slow-wave synchronization—or “functional connectivity”—between the frontal and parietal regions of their brains when they underwent anesthesia. There is evidence that during anesthesia, the adult brain reorganizes itself into a less complex configuration with more segregation between functional systems..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
01/16/2020
Tiny worms shed light on the mysteries of anesthesia
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CC BY
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This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"These microscopic roundworms have a lot to teach us about how general anesthesia works. In case you didn’t already know, the effects of anesthesia on the brain are largely a mystery. That’s right. For nearly two centuries, putting people under and bringing them back safely has remained more an art than exact science. And it isn’t for lack of trying. Brain research in this area has followed two main tracks. Some researchers have used techniques like EEGs or fMRI to monitor neuron activity across entire regions of the brain. Others have analyzed individual chemical receptors to spot molecular-level interactions with anesthetic gases. The problem is that little has been done in between, at the level of individual neurons. Now, researchers have found a way to do that. Their method: attaching tiny light bulbs to single brain cells in roundworms and watching how they light up under anesthesia..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Subject:
Anatomy/Physiology
Applied Science
Health, Medicine and Nursing
Life Science
Material Type:
Diagram/Illustration
Reading
Provider:
Research Square
Provider Set:
Video Bytes
Date Added:
09/20/2019